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THE SUDDEN (SUSPICIOUS?) DEATH OF U.S. PRESIDENT WARREN G. HARDING

One hundred years ago, on August 2nd, 1923, Warren G. Harding, the 29th President of the United States, suddenly died in a San Francisco hotel room. He was 57 years old. Immediately—due to no autopsy insisted upon by the ironclad demand from his wife, Florence Harding, and the fact that his body was embalmed one hour after death—suspicious rumors of foul play circulated. Conspirators came in many forms. Corrupt politicians, scandal cover-ups, quack physicians, and foreign operatives. But the most sinister accusation of all was Harding being intentionally poisoned by his wife.

The official cause of death released in press statements by the attending doctors was a “probable cerebral apoplexy”. In other words, President Harding had a stroke, a fatal brain event. There was no mention of any toxicity through poison nor any suggestion of a chronic cardiac condition, a heart attack.

Harding’s body was returned by train to Washington, DC, lay in state for two days, then was transported again by train to his hometown of Marion, Ohio where he was entombed in a marble crypt. His wife, Florence, died the following year of kidney failure and came to rest beside him. As the years passed, the truth of the Harding Administration emerged. It became known as America’s most scandalous presidency.

Extramarital lovers, illegitimate children, political corruption, cronies, bribes, payoffs, and even suicides emerged that painted a black mark on Harding’s history. The persistent suspicion of cover-up in his death failed to go away. Today, there’s a consensus as to what really happened in Harding’s death. We’ll get to that conclusion but, first, let’s look at who Warren Harding was, how he got to the White House, and how he came to die in that San Francisco hotel room.

Warren Gamaliel Harding was born on November 3rd, 1865—the year the Civil War ended—on his grandfather’s farm near Blooming Grove, Ohio. His father was a small-town physician with a small practice that earned little money. His mother was a devoutly religious homemaker with eight children to care for, including Warren who was the oldest. Harding was an average student but a very strong boy with even stronger work ethic.

Following grade school, Harding attended Ohio Central College graduating in 1882 with a B.S. degree (which grounded him as a later politician). Here he  gained experience editing and publishing the college paper. After college, Harding worked at various jobs such as a barn painter, a railroad laborer, and a horse team driver. It was in Marion, Ohio where Warren Harding got his first business break.

Harding had saved enough money to purchase a failing newspaper in Marion. He parlayed it into a profitable venture in which he wore all hats—reporter, editor, and publisher. These roles allowed Harding to get well connected and form the “Marion Gang” whom he nepotistically took with him through his political career, including placing some of these friends and allies in high-ranking service jobs in the United States federal government. That was to come back and haunt him.

In the late 1880s, Warren Harding met Florence Kling at a community dance. He became smitten with Florence who was the daughter of a banker and Marion’s richest man. Amos Kling did not approve of Warren Harding and warned Florence that Harding “would never amount to anything”. He refused to speak to Harding.

Florence Harding went to work in their newspaper business. She also got active in his political ambitions. “The only things I know are publishing and politics,” Florence was quoted as saying. She was especially good at politics.

History—now one hundred years after Harding’s death—records Harding to be an excellent speaker, very personable with a great memory for people, a driven man, but not too bright. Florence was smart, and she used her intelligence to make connections and pave roads for Harding to travel as he moved up the Ohio political ladder.

Warren Harding served as an Ohio State Senator from 1900 to 1904. From then to 1906 he was the Lieutenant Governor of Ohio, and in 1910 he ran as Ohio’s Governor but was defeated. Harding went back to the paper industry but in 1915 he entered federal politics and won a seat as a Senator for the State of Ohio. This opened doors in Washington.

The Republican national convention was deadlocked in the 1920 presidential selection race. Ultimately, the delegates chose Warren Harding as a compromise candidate. He went on to represent the Republicans as a moderate in the November 1920 presidential election. Together with running mate Calvin Coolidge, they won a landslide victory over the Democrats.

Warren G. Harding was inaugurated as the 29th United States President on March 4th, 1921. He ran on the slogan “Return to Normalcy” which fit his leadership style. America was only two years past the end of WWI and the public longed for a return to pre-war normal. The country was in a financial recession with what many Americans thought was unnecessary ties still with foreign countries.

Harding focused on a protectionist America by lowering taxes, increasing foreign tariffs, and getting the country out of the League of Nations process that dynamited Woodrow Wilson’s presidency. In one year after taking off, the country rebounded and began prosperity never seen before. It was the Roaring Twenties.

Warren Harding was a hands-off president. He appointed people he thought he could trust into high office and let them loose to do their jobs. His error was not holding them accountable and, given human nature, even his closest friends began to abuse their positions for personal gain.

Harding’s other error—his vice and weakness—was womanizing, drinking, and gambling. Rumors put him having secret tunnels under the White House where he would smuggle his girls in and ply them with illegal alcohol. (Remember, this era was the start of Prohibition.) Harding’s poker games were legendary as well as a well-known fact that he supported mistresses and had at least one illegitimate daughter. Warren and Florence were childless.

Among the brewing political and criminal crises was what’s known as the Teapot Dome Scandal. This involved an oil-producing region in Wyoming that held reserves set apart for the U.S. Navy. Harding had appointed his close Marion Gang friend, Albert B. Fall, as Secretary of the Interior who oversaw the federal lands at Teapot Dome and had the power to award oil production contracts. Fall pocketed hundreds of thousands of payoff money for preferential treatment. This scandal (among others), which Harding knew about, had the potential to have President Harding impeached.

It was under this stressful black cloud that Warren Harding departed Washington on his “Voyage of Understanding” cross-country train and ship tour in June of 1923. Members of Harding’s staff observed his health rapidly deteriorating. A once vibrant man with the world’s best handshake was notably nervous and privately conferring with advisors about how to diffuse the runaway in the Marion Gang.

“I can take care of my enemies all right. But my damn friends… they’re the ones that keep me walking the floor at night,” Harding said to one aide. To another, “If you knew of a great scandal in our administration, would you for the good of the country and the party expose it publicly, or would you bury it?”

President Harding’s tour took him across the west and up to Alaska. He spoke before hundreds of thousands of common folks in places like St. Louis, Kansas City, Denver, Salt Lake City, Helena, and Spokane. He went to a small Alaskan village called Metlakatla, then did a by-stop in Vancouver, Canada before heading straight for San Francisco and checking into the Palace Hotel with an extensive entourage including the future president Herbert Hoover who was his Secretary of Commerce.

Harding’s health had been going downhill since leaving Washington. The stress of his job and unfolding issues gave him a malady then diagnosed as neurasthenia which is an overly nervous condition where the sufferer is unable to relax. Compounding this condition, including non-recognizing many presenting symptoms of bad physical health, was the president’s personal doctor.

Charles E. Sawyer was part of the Ohio Gang. Sawyer wasn’t a trained physician. He was an odd, self-taught homeopath who prescribed plants and birds and rocks and things (not sure about sand and hills and rings) as substitutes for accepted medical practices. But Sawyer was a likable, down-homey Oh-Hi-Yo officially forehead-stamp-approved by Mrs. Harding who saw Sawyer as a 1920s genuine guru teaching them a better way.

Harding also traveled with a real doctor—Joel T. Boone. Dr. Boone knew Harding was critically ill and telegrammed ahead from Alaska to San Francisco, having two of the country’s leading cardiology specialists standing by. These were Dr. Ray Lyman Wilbur, the president of the American Medical Society, and Dr. Charles Cooper, the leading cardiac surgeon in the USA.

Dr. Boone knew what was happening.  President Harding was presenting these symptoms:

  • Severe abdominal and thoracic pains as in a crushing weight on the chest
  • Pain radiating down both arms
  • Shortness of breath
  • Dyspnoea at night
  • Nausea
  • Severe bouts of indigestion
  • Off and on fever—chills & sweats
  • Exhaustion after little energetic effort
  • Foul acetonic breath

Dr. Boone knew President Harding was suffering congestive heart failure and likely experienced a series of myocardial infarctions where his enlarged heart muscles were quickly failing. Boone knew Harding’s heart was likely to stop, and that he would suddenly die.

That happened at 7:20 pm on August 2nd, 1923. President Harding was in his hotel suite with his wife and two nurse care aids. Florence was reading a favorable column in the Saturday Evening Post. Harding remarked, “That is good. Go on.”

Florence continued when, with only a shudder and not a sound, the President of the United States stiffened, laid back on the bed, and instantly died.

President Harding’s staff came into the room. That included Herbert Hoover and Doctors Sawyer, Boone, Wilbur, Cooper, and another cardiac expert, Hubert Work. These medical practitioners debated the primary cause of death.

They knew the American public would immediately want to know what happened to their Commander-in-Chief and be assured nothing illegal, conspirator, or dark was behind the president’s sudden and unexpected death—especially when the official reports released to the following press during the Voyage of Understanding assured that Warren Harding was a man fit to competently hold office and guide the nation.

The doctors knew, under the circumstances, that no conclusive cause of death could be established without a complete and thorough autopsy. To this, Florence Harding was fiercely opposed. As Doctor Wilbur put it in his notes written the next day, “We shall never know exactly the immediate cause of President Harding’s death since every effort that was made to secure an autopsy was met with complete and final refusal by Mrs. Harding.”

Knowing that the public must be notified of the president’s death as soon as possible and that they would demand to know what happened—what the true cause of death was—the team of five physicians signed this statement:

Realizing their rush to judgment without medical evidence (and strongly suspecting a myocardial infarction or a heart attack), they released this second statement twenty minutes later:

Stroke of Cerebral Apoplexy. Myocardial Infarction. Let’s look at what these medical terms mean.

So how did the 1923 American public and folks over the last one hundred years go from accepting that President Warren G. Harding died of natural causes to a conspirator suspicion that he was murdered—possibly by his wife?

I think a few reasons. One is the president’s staff poorly handled the president’s health information. One day the president was strong as an ox. The next day he died.

There was no autopsy. His body was embalmed an hour after death. And this was through an ironclad order from the wife, Florence Harding, who knew full well of her husband’s infidelity and unwinding scandals.

Note: I cannot find anything in historical notes to determine if there was a San Francisco coroner having jurisdiction and the authority to hold the body while an independent autopsy was done. Or if any other authorities like the SF police were notified.

The other factor was the collective doctors’ stick handling of the “probable cause of death.” They were aware of the public backlash for knowing how serious the president’s medical condition and the perception of them not being seen to do something about it and prevent his death, but they first wrote it off as an unpredictable and unpreventable stroke, not a preventable heart attack. From Dr. Wilbur’s notes:

“In the aftermath, we were belabored and attacked by the newspapers antagonistic to Harding, and by the cranks, quacks, antivisectionalists, nature healers, the Dr. Albert Abrams electronic-diagnostic group, and many others. We were accused of starving the president, overfeeding him to death, of assisting in slowly poisoning him, and plying him to death with pills and purgatives. We were accused of being abysmally ignorant, stupid and incompetent, and even of malpractice. We were said to have forced our way to Harding’s bedside “through political pull and for political reasons.”

But the craziest theory of them all came from a book written by Gaston B. Means in 1930 titled The Strange Death of President Harding. Means claimed that Florence Harding murdered her presidential husband with poison. Without a shred of evidence, Means suggested two motives. One was because of her husband’s cheating. The other was to save him the embarrassment of the scandals. Gaston Means, by the way, went to jail over a con job in scamming the Charles Lindberg baby homicide case.

One hundred years have passed since United States President Warren G. Harding passed. There’s no doubt Harding had a fatal heart attack. That’s life, but the fallout from living the presidential life sucks. Here are lines from Herbert Hoover while dedicating a memorial to President Harding:

We saw him gradually weaken not only from physical exhaustion but from mental anxiety. Warren Harding had a dim realization that he had been betrayed by a few of the men whom he trusted, by men whom he believed were his devoted friends. That was the tragedy of the life of Warren Harding.

IF AMERICAN STATES WERE REAL PEOPLE — AS GENERATED BY AI

Welcome to an imaginative world where technology and creativity collide in the funniest of ways. One advanced AI model has been tasked with personifying all fifty American states, transforming them into human-like characters based on their distinctive characteristics, historical backgrounds, and cultural vibes. From the sunny surfer persona of California to the cowboy spirit of Texas, it’s time to dive into the true power of Artificial Intelligence.

Keep reading for an amusing, enlightening tour of the country like never before. I’m sure you’ll find this thoroughly enjoyable!

(Credit to the website Travelrz.com)

Alabama – Meet the Hipster Forest Dweller of States

This AI persona is none other than Alabama, also known as “The Cotton State.” Pictured here is a bearded fellow who seems to have misplaced his razor, sporting a hat- backward, of course, because why follow the norm? He’s a ruggedly charming character, looking like he’s jumped straight out of a country music video. Right under that backward cap are glasses fit for reading. There’s an enchanting backdrop since our Alabamian friend is in the heart of the magical wilderness.

He isn’t the office desk type but rather the outdoorsy individual who wouldn’t be caught dead in a cubicle. No boss or manager could keep this guy chained to a laptop.

Alaska – The Ice Queen With an Arctic Attitude

There’s a new Ice Queen in town. Meet Alaska, “The Last Frontier.” This icy protagonist is youthful, with long, light brown hair flowing with the freedom of the Northern winds. She’s decked out in a hefty Winter coat, the hood of which is dusted with the frosty touch of fresh Alaskan snowfall. The scenery in the background is practically a dream for those living in warmer states, featuring white, pristine mountains.

This lady of the tundra would trade swimming at the beach for a snow-covered landscape any day. A tropical vacation? She’d rather had a dog sled. A desert hike? She’d choose an iceberg.

Arizona – A Tattooed Duo of Tumbleweed Tales

In Arizona, we meet a compelling duo- an-ink decorated, cowboy hat-toting gentleman and a blond woman elegantly dressed in a western-style vest. The man’s tattoo art speaks volumes of years of thrilling narratives and untold stories. His signature cowboy hat and goatee hint at a life spent acquiring a bit of desert knowledge. The woman adds a sparkling contrast with her sunny hair reflecting the warmth of the Arizona sun.

Up against the untouched desert landscape, these two people are perfect embodiments of the state. It’s a snapshot that whispers rich tales and adventures under the endless Arizona sky- and we love it.

Arkansas – A Bit of Flannel and Natural Charm

This down-to-earth couple blends comfort and simplicity that captures the essence of Arkansas, “The Natural State.” The man, casual and warm, is rocking a blue flannel shirt, his hair flowing longer than the Mississippi, which also subtly broadcasts an approachable, laid-back vibe that’s quintessentially Arkansan. The woman, with her long brown hair all the way down to her shoulders, is grounded in a beauty that reflects the state’s natural allure. They’re wearing their ‘average Joe and Jane’ badge with pride.

If there is anything to point out about this couple- the whole “Natural State” thing seems to really work with their natural and welcoming appearances, from their hair to their clothing.

California – Stylish Aviators Under the Sun

This guy is basically a model as he struts around a bright floral shirt with sunflowers, channeling the clinic 60s hippie style that still subtly influences California’s fashion scene. Topping it off are aviator glasses reflecting the state’s 300-plus sunny days a year, and the long blond hair is definitely a tribute to the classic surfer look. All these are as characteristic of California as its tech startups, vineyards, and film studios that everyone in the state knows and loves.

Against sun-soaked skies, majestic mountains, and expansive forests- this man embodies the Golden State’s laid-back vibes. A reminder that the pursuit of chill is just as pretty as the Pacific coastline.

Colorado – The State’s Curly-Haired Winter Queen

The spotlight is now on Colorado- represented by an AI-generated girl with long, dark curls who could win an award for ‘Best Hair in a Snowstorm.” The snowflakes on her curls seem to be having a party of their own. She’s bundled up in a cozy blue turtleneck, probably rated for those extra-chilly Rocky Mountain nights. And speaking of the Rockies, she looks just about ready to explore the 58 mountain peaks that span over the snowy state.

She’s surrounded by pine trees and snow mountains, like a one-woman winter wonderland,  giving us a glimpse into life in Colorado, where they don’t just weather the winter- they make it look good.

Connecticut – The Double Duo- More Hip Than Hipsters

This AI-rendered couple represents the state of Connecticut, the “Constitution State.” They’re sporting glasses and an air of casual cool that’d put even the trendiest hipsters to shame. This laid-back pair looks like they’re about to spend a lazy Sunday afternoon cracking open a mystery novel or exploring the nuances of a crossword puzzle. They were their average looks like a badge of honor- because in Connecticut, being comfortably normal just might be a thing of beauty.

They’re standing against a simple background, personifying their state’s quiet charm and intellectual energy. With their easy-going charm, this couple is living proof that in Connecticut, low-key is the way to be.

Delaware – A Couple Keeping It Casual

This adorable AI-generated couple represents Delaware, commonly known as “The First State.” The two, dressed in their comfortable and timeless daily wear, look like they’re pretty much ready for a casual day out exploring. The man has a scruffy beard that would make any millennial proud, coupled with a pair of glasses that lend an intellectual charm. The woman seems pretty approachable. It’s hard to believe these two don’t actually exist in the real world.

Delaware was the first state to join the union, so it’s no wonder that our representative couple appears to be confidently casual- they’re just reflecting a bit of pioneering spirit, the Delaware way.

Florida – The Land of Lizards and Palm Trees

You’ve just entered Florida, the “Sunshine State,” where AI has decided to embrace the local wildlife and manifest it into human form. We’re presented with a character who’s part man, part lizard, and entirely Floridian. From his reptilian eyes to his yellow hat and Summer shirt, he’s got the sun-soaked vibe down to a tee. After all, when you’re in a state that’s almost entirely a beach, why not go full-on sand lizard when you can?

Florida is the flattest state in the U.S., making it the perfect place for lizards. Our scaly friend would have no trouble catching those sunshine rays from just about anywhere.

Georgia – A Peachy Pair of Southern Charm

Here we are, folks; with the AI personification of Georgia, “The Peach State,” manifested as a vibrant young couple. You can practically smell the sweetness by just looking at them, or perhaps it’s just that classic Southern charm seeping through. Their smiles are as fresh as Georgia peach pie and have an aura that’s as inviting as a home-cooked Southern meal. Needless to say, wherever this couple may be, you’re certainly welcome there.

Of course, Georgia is known for much more than just peaches – and if there’s anything to learn from these two, it’s that Georgia is all about hospitality and plenty of charm.

Hawaii – Aloha and Flower Crown Included

If you’re looking for the epitome of “aloha spirit,” look no further than Hawaii’s AI representative. He’s got it all- the long white curls hare, a beard that can make Santa envious, a smile wider than the Waikiki beach, and flowers wrapped around his neck and head. His outfit screams tropical vacation, or native hometown hero, with a demeanor that just about makes you want to hope on a plane just to grab a Mai Tai.

This infectious vibe perfectly encompasses just about everything in Hawaii, which is why people travel from all around the world to get a little bit of the state’s sun and fun.

Idaho – The AI Duo: Potatoes Not Included

Say Hello to Idaho’s AI duo: a down-to-earth couple who basically encompass simplicity and sincerity. Although they might appear as an ordinary pair, don’t let that fool you. They’re as complex and fascinating as the state’s diverse geography. Their personalities seem to match Idaho’s motto, “Let it be perpetual.” Stable, sturdy, and timeless, they’re just like Idaho’s landscapes- beautiful, captivating, and full of surprises that you just might not have been expecting.

Although Idaho is famous for its potatoes, it’s also nicknamed “The Gem State” because nearly every known type of gemstone has been found there- go ahead and do some digging.

Illinois – The Modern Day Lincoln

According to AI, this is a representation of Illinois- a contemporary reincarnation of Honest Abe himself. With wide-eyed wonder, messy hair, and a face that would make any penny proud, this image captures the essence of “The Land of Lincoln” quite perfectly. He’s clearly traded in his stovepipe hat for an air of 21st-century style, but his character seems as strong and steady as the original Abraham Lincoln himself. At least, we surely think so.

Not only is Illinois famous for its deep-dish pizza, but it also happens to be the pumpkin capital of the world- and who doesn’t love pumpkins? Although Abe can speak for himself.

Indiana – Autumn Love in Hoosier Land

This AI human-like version of Indiana features a couple embodying the warm, autumnal spirit of the Hoosier State. Wrapped in layers of cozy clothing and, of course, a pretty, endearing hug, these two are exuding an undeniable energy that feels like the first sip of apple cider on a crisp fall day. Their contagious smiles are wider than the Wabash River, proving that Hoosier hospitality just might be a real thing.

If you were looking for a fun fact – Indiana is way more than cornfields. Just to prove this, we’re going to mention that they have a town called Santa Claus.

Iowa – Cozy Couple of the Corn State

This embodiment of Iowa features a couple that could probably charm a husk off a cornstalk. The man, casually dressed in yellow and blue, has the classic twinkle of wisdom behind those glasses. His white scruffy beard is also probably the epitome of farmer chic. The woman next to him seems to like his perfect counterpart, with a tidy low bun that basically screams practicality. They exude simplicity as if they’ve spent quite some time under blue skies.

You could almost hear the distant mooing of cows in the background and taste the first sip of a gold glass of sweet tea, simply based on this man’s farmer outfit.

Kansas – Oz Reimagined in the Sunflower State

In this AI rendition of Kansas, “The Sunflower State,” we’re offered a classic take on what just might be The Wizard of Oz. This man’s hat looks pretty close to the same one that the Scarecrow wears in the movie. The woman could also easily pass as a modern-day Dorothy, who just might be living a much simpler life than Dorothy herself. We wouldn’t be surprised to hear that these two are growing a few sunflowers out back.

We seem to easily know what this AI generator is thinking in terms of movies when it comes to Kansas, where these two people are an example of the state’s pop culture.

Kentucky – Some Fiery Bluegrass Spirit

These are the famous ‘Bluegrass State’s Ai representatives. Their flaming red hair perfectly mimics the famous fiery spirit of Kentucky, and although their smiles might not be as inviting at first glance, there’s a certain warmth that can’t be missed. While most people think of derby and a good glass of bourbon when referring to the state, these two offer a more classic side- especially when it comes to their preppy sense of style.

There’s no doubt that artificial intelligence did its best to render up a couple of Kentucky locals, and if we’re being honest, it ended up doing a really good job.

Louisiana – A Bit of Bayou and Braids

If Louisiana had a face, this AI-generated image this it right out of the park. The man, appearing every bit the gallant sailor with his weather-beaten cap and a faint hint of the sea in his eyes, screams of the state’s love for waterways. The woman, with her long braided hair, embodies the state’s French influence with a splash of Cajun charm. Their expressions really just mirror everything about “The Pelican State.”

Close your eyes, and you can almost hear the subtle notes of jazz music, the heartbeat of Louisiana, subtly playing in the background with a demeanor as warm as the state itself.

Maine – A Comfy Mariner by the Sea

Has anyone been looking for a sea-based logger to get a job done? We’ve found him. He happens to be generated by artificial intelligence. He’s wearing the sturdy expression of someone who’s just wrestled a moose and came out victorious. This lumberjack-seaman of Maine looks super warm and comfortable in his coat and almost as rugged as the rocky coastline he calls home. Of course, the background is a scenic backdrop of boats in a calm bay.

Moose wrestling aside, this embodiment of Maine’s famous coastline is as inviting as a warm bowl of clam chowder after a chilly day at sea. Just remember to wear a flannel when you visit.

Maryland – The Hipster’s Paradise

These two are wearing outfits that would make the trendiest hipsters wonder where they’ve gotten this style, and you can certainly see why. The overload of edge here is showcasing how Maryland’s spark is found in its perfect blend of sophistication and individuality. You can almost smell the waft of freshly baked blue crab cakes in the air around them. At least, that sounds really good, so we’d certainly like to.

AI knows that Marylanders are proud of the cultural diversity and styles around them, so if your idea of cool goes beyond the clichés, welcome to Maryland – you won’t want to leave.

Massachusetts – The Bay State Blend

This young couple is showing off the blend of old-world charm and cutting-edge innovation that characterizes the Bay State. The man might not be sporting a Boston Red Sox Cap, but it’s not hard to visualize the addition. There might not be anything too extraordinary about the woman that the AI generated, but we’d sure like to be invited to their house for a fine Thanksgiving dinner in “The Bay State.”

Massachusetts is known for successfully merging history with innovation, combining a state of rich history with a brand-new touch. From the cobblestone streets to the high-tech hub, it’s full of surprises.

Michigan – Sweaters Fit for Freezing

AI has brought “The Wolverine State” to life with these two cool Michiganders, giving a friendly nod to the state’s characteristics. The woman, in a cozy sweater, seems like she’s just about ready for Michigan’s famously freezing Winters. Meanwhile, in his jean jacket, this guy is basically throwing it back to the days of Detroit’s wildly known automotive glory. These two AI-generated humans go together just as well as Michigan’s two peninsulas.

Michigan is known for its Great Lakes and even greater hearts, and of course, we can’t skip past the fact that Michigan is basically the capital of cherry pie and kindness.

 Minnesota – The Outdoor Enthusiasts

It’s time to meet this Minnesotan couple, the AI-created generation of the “Land of 10,000 Lakes.” The state is represented by a lively duo who have logged more hours in the Great Outdoors than they have on social media. With a practical hat for those midwestern elements, there’s a sense of adventure that’s kind of hard to miss. His female companion is hooked up to suspenders, ready for hiking in the expansive Northwoods.

Minnesota isn’t just about nature and lakes. Sure, it’s home to the headwaters of the Mississippi river, but it’s also a land of folks who value community, tradition, and a solid potluck.

Mississippi – Sun-Soaked and Dirt-Dusted

Representing “The Magnolia State,” we find a man who carries a post-gardening glow and a bit of Mississippi’s fertile land on his shirt. Dressed in a large farming hat and a bandana that hints at a long day’s work, his shirt speckled with the tell-tale signs of honest work- that’s right, those are proud badges of dirt. He’s the epitome of southern grit, hard work, and good old Mississippi perseverance.

Of course, Mississippi’s not all work, though. Known for its magnolia trees and deep blue roots, it’s a state that moves to the rhythm of Blues and a cold glass of tea.

Missouri – The State’s Unmasked Charm

Welcome to “The Show Me State,” brought to you by a bearded fellow and a blonde woman in a causal grey shirt. The man, squinting through his square glasses, wears a mix of curiosity and unmistakable Missouri pride. The woman’s sun-streaked hair works well with a certain kind of down-to-earth elegance that artificial intelligence seems to understand well. Although, these two are surely ready to dive into any adventures that come their way.

Missouri is home to over 6,000 awesome caves and a straight-talk spirit that invites you to explore a bit of hidden treasure and even more beautiful landscapes- the Missouri way.

Montana – Grizzly Bears and Great Views

Let’s take a trip over to Montana, the ‘Big Sky Country,” where mountain peaks reach the clouds, and the land practically stretches out as far as the eye can see. These two are AI’s depictions of the treasure state. The man is almost as rugged as the mountains in his backyard, with long black hair that would make any model jealous. Something about the woman’s natural beauty also amounts to Montana’s natural landscapes.

Although lots of people call Montana home, so do a ton of enormous grizzly bears- that’s because Montana actually has the largest bear population in almost all fifty American states.

Nebraska – Unleashing State Spirit

The “Cornhusker State” isn’t known for just that- while there are vast fields of corn, there are also bustling cities and vibrant college sports culture. Based on that, we’d like to imagine that this AI-generated Nebraskan man wouldn’t mind throwing on a Cornhuskers jersey, echoing the state’s devotion to their college football team.

These easy smiles and welcoming demeanors hint at the genuine friendliness that Nebraskans are known for, flowing just as smoothly as the state itself- since it’s literally filled with rivers.

Nevada – Silver State’s Glitz and Glamor

Utilizing advanced artificial intelligence techniques, a captivating image of a mature woman embodying the essence of Nevada emerged, portraying a striking resemblance to a Burning Man festival attendee. The AI ingeniously captured the vibrant spirit of the state, adorning the woman with eclectic attire and intricate accessories reminiscent of the festival’s artistic essence. She looks like she spent a few days in the desert for sure.

With a touch of ageless allure, her unique features and seasoned expression encapsulate the rich tapestry of Nevada’s history, culture, and desert soul, symbolizing the state’s unconstrained individuality and creative energy.

New Hampshire – The Great Outdoors

This AI representation of New Hampshire looks like a couple of characters who hopped right out of a modern Shakespeare novel if such a thing existed. Standing tall and confident in a pair of glasses, the guy’s giving off a kind of charming intelligence that’s as enduring as the granite state’s known for. The woman is fit and ready for New Hampshire’s incredible Autumn weather with practical outfits that are perfect for the outdoors.

With granite-faced mountains and picturesque lakes as a backdrop at every corner, the state’s general makeup perfectly aligns with the people that artificial intelligence has genuine when thinking of New Hampshire.

New Jersey – Garden State Locals

This is AI’s New Jersey duo, a picture-perfect representation of the state’s blend of style and essence. The man is a mix of laid-back and a bit of Jersey strength, with his backward cap, denim jacket, and lack of a smirk suggesting he’s lived and learned. Artificial intelligence is so smart when it comes to prompts, but there’s no way to know why it generated this woman when thinking of Jersey – but somehow, it works.

These people really do look like they’ve come straight out of the garden state, and hopefully, they’ve made a stop or two at one of New Jersey’s famous vintage diners.

New Mexico – The Enchanted Land

Under the canopy of the vast Southwestern sky, the AI representation of New Mexico stands as a weathered elder, his deep-set eyes filled with countless untold stories. There’s an air of gentle, enduring strength about him, as resilient as the desert landscape he originates from. Framed but the backdrop of a clear sky and endless sand, his spirit and both expansive and quiet- just like the endless stretched of sand dunes throughout the state.

Whether it’s the intensely calm desert or the lure of New Mexico’s capitol, Santa Fe, there’s something about the state has made it earn its name- “The Land of Enchantment.”

New York – Street Style Meets AI

New York is personified as a young man with an unmistakable air of dynamism and style. Fit in the latest street fashion; he epitomizes the vibrant hustle of the city that never sleeps. His stare is just as sharp as the famous skyline, with a stance as confident as a Wall Street broker by day and a partier by night. The iconic Times Square is glowing in the background, emphasizing the city’s never-ending heartbeat.

New York is the most linguistically diverse city in the entire world, and of course, we can’t help but mention the famous .99-cent pizza that you can grab before a Broadway show.

North Carolina – The Land of Pepsi

Here we have North Carolina, a young man with pure enthusiasm. He’s wearing a cap that could easily represent his favorite sports team and, of course, a pair of glasses for football viewing pleasure. North Carolina’s legendary tailgates are a huge part of the sports culture there, and it’s not hard to imagine this man taking part in them. He could be any guy from North Carolina, cheering from the stands on a Saturday afternoon.

Since North Carolina created Pepsi soda, we’re assuming that this AI embodiment of the state wouldn’t mind cracking open a cold one on Super Bowl Sunday – or any other day, really.

North Dakota – Prairies and Ploughs

North Dakota is known as “The Sioux State,” and it’s represented by a hardworking couple standing tall in front of golden grain fields and a setting sun. With her dark hair tied in a practical bun, the woman has a sense of quiet determination. The man, his hair darkened by the sun, has a weather-beaten resilience that reflects the spirit of North Dakota’s agriculturists. Their earth-stained clothing tells a story of long days in the fields.

But North Dakota isn’t only about farming; it’s home to rich Native American heritage and is home to America’s geographical center, from which it gets its nickname “The Sioux State.”

Ohio – Flannels and Family Roots

Welcome to Ohio, the Buckeye State, represented by a man who looks like he could chop a tree up in a single swing while also being proud of his heritage. His straw hat and flannel shirt are as authentically midwestern as a field of corn under a bright blue sky. The full beard adds a touch of ruggedness that complements those blue jeans. His eyes, though, hold a spark of friendliness that reflects the warmth of Ohio’s family-loving community.

And that Buckeye nickname? It actually comes from the state’s many buckeye trees. Apparently, those trees represent good luck, so if you’re running low – it’s time to head over to Ohio.

Oklahoma – Better Sooner Than Never

These guys are standing tall, representing “The Sooner State” that we all know and love. These two are embodying the rich history of their ancestors in the modern world. The man’s blue denim button-up shirt provides a touch of Americana, paying tribute to the cowboy and agricultural heritage that intertwines with Oklahoma’s native roots. The expressions on their faces are almost as steady and open as the state’s rolling prairies and endless country pride.

Tornadoes might come to mind when you think of Oklahoma – but there is, in fact, a whole lot more going on there. It even got its nickname from settlers who claimed the land.

Oregon – Always Ready for Rain

“The Beaver State” out in the Pacific North West of the country seems to have a representative that matches well with the rainy weather. He’s a rugged, older gentleman with a classic yellow rain hat and a bright orange coat. The brightness of his outfit is a nice contrast to the often misty Oregon climate, his white beard perfect enough to catch droplets from the never-ending drizzle that continually sets the mood.

Pennsylvania – A Youthful Legacy

Like the Liberty Bell’s ring, this AI generation of “The Keystone State” presents a young couple who seem to carry an aura of the state’s rich heritage. The man sport’s a beat, perhaps a note to Pennsylvania’s famous communities, while the woman’s smile represents the state’s welcoming spirit. Their attire blends casual modern with subtle hints of historical Pennsylvania style, seemingly borrowed from images of bustling markets in Pittsburgh or laid-back afternoons.

Around these two people, invisible but implied, are the state’s urban energy and serene countryside. From revolutionary history and forward-thinking – Pennsylvania is the birthplace of the United States, after all.

Rhode Island – The Salty State

We’ve reached ‘The Ocean State,” Rhode Island, with a laid-back man and woman who carry some salt-kissed energy. The AI has painted them with tousled hair, sun-kissed skin, and casual clothing, bearing witness to countless afternoons spent by the lapping waves of the coast. Their relaxed postures and typical of the state’s calming coastal charm, with a sturdy stance that suggests a pleasing familiarity with the harshness of the Atlantic Ocean.

It’s easy to picture one of Rhode Island’s stunning coastlines in the background- and that’s undoubtedly one of the first things that comes to mind. Despite its compact size – it’s all heart.

South Carolina – All Sand and Sun

South Carolina, effectively known as “The Palmetto State,” is a vibrant couple who just might have claimed every one of the state’s beaches as their personal backyard. Their windswept hair speaks to countless hours spent basking in the glow of South Carolina’s generous sunshine. Their attire can undoubtedly be considered country casual, mirroring the relaxed atmosphere. The only thing missing is a picture-perfect beach backdrop of sand and surf – a distinctive feature of the state.

From a great love of football to the proud declaration of being the first to secede from the Union – people in South Carolina have a kind of pride that is hard to match.

South Dakota – More Than Mount Rushmore

South Dakota, also known as “The Mount Rushmore State,” is represented by a rugged couple who are as sturdy and enduring as the state’s geological wonders. It’s easy to picture their hiking gear, layered for the notorious Dakota weather wings, and well-worn boots, suggesting countless treks across the Black Hills and Badlands. Their faces are lined with the elements, with a communicative resilience that is definitely needed in order to thrive in South Dakota’s wild weather.

South Dakota is famous for Mount Rushmore and its endless amount of caves and exploration, reminding us that the state truly is home to a remarkable tribute to American leadership.

Tennessee – The State’s Musical Melody

Tennessee is commonly known as “The Volunteer State,” brought to life by a couple who have a certain level of rhythm and warmth that’s widely associated with the southern gem. Dressed in denim, minus an instrument case over their shoulders, it’s almost like these two have just stepped off a stage in Nashville or Memphis. Their grinning faces reflect the joy of a well-played tune and the love of a community bonded by music and shared heritage.

There might as well be neon signs in this picture, with a Taylor Swift song in the background, promising a night of unforgettable entertainment and music that’s practically the heart and soul of Tennessee.

Texas – A Cowboy Keeping It Real

This is “The Lone Star State’s” representative- a man straight out of a Western movie scene. Donned in a sun-faded cowboy hat that has seen many Texas sunsets, well-worn clothing, and (probably) a set of leather boots, he’s a perfect representation of the rugged charm of Texas. The only thing he’s missing is a thick handlebar mustache and a few Texas tales that have been passed through the generations to this state-loving cowboy.

Although this cowboy’s demeanor is cool and casual, he’s certainly wearing a pride for his homeland. The background here might as well be a sprawling desert with an endless amount of cacti.

Utah – Endless Rugged Adventure

This outdoorsy guy has a personality as diverse as the landscape here- and he’s representing Utah in all of its glory. His hair and beard are pretty wild, matching the untamed beauty of the state’s terrain. The dirt smudges are echoing many days spent exploring Utah’s arches and canyons. Of course, his eyes are almost as bright as the clear blue of Utah’s skies, with a sunburn that’s representative of the state’s warm desert climate.

Behind him, Utah’s terrains stretch into the horizon, with red rock formations, rolling hills, and even distant snowy peaks that make up all five of Utah’s incredibly beautiful national parks.

Vermont – Hot Tea and Warm Smiles

This AI-generated pair is a couple of Vermonters who are bundled up for the state’s notorious winters. They’re rocking cozy-looking sweaters and woolen coats with a vintage charm that fits right in with Vermont’s small-town spirit. They’re a picture of winter warmth- you can practically hear the crunch of the snow underneath their boots. One thing’s for sure- they’re enjoying the vibrant reds of Vermont’s fall foliage that’s almost as sweet as the state’s famous maple syrup.

The green backdrop just might be hinting at the state’s nickname – “The Green Mountain State.” Known for its stunning landscapes, it’s a safe haven for hikers and nature lovers alike.

Virginia – The Backdrop of America

Meet Virginia’s AI-generate representation- a pair of young, fresh-faced folks who perfectly embody the state’s youthful energy and timeless appeal. These two have a casual vibe and attire, just like Virginia itself, which strikes a perfect balance between both comfortable and classy everywhere you go. Against a muted grey background, this couple shines bright, like Virginia’s rich history and cultural legacy that firmly stands out in the backdrop of America.

Virginia is known as “The Old Dominion” because of its status as the first English colonial possession in North America, which means there’s a plethora of historic sights and iconic monuments.

Washington – An Evergreen Man

This man, with a curly head of hair and a scruffy beard, perfectly captures the spirit of the untamed “Evergreen State.” The nickname quickly describes the geography, and his weather-appropriate coat could certainly handle any downpour. He’s wearing a style that’s as adaptable as the Washington weather itself that singles a hint of adventure and many days exploring the great outdoors. This perfect persona certainly mirrors the earthy character of Washington.

The landscapes in Washington feature everything from rainy forests to grand mountains. Despite being home to major tech industries, the state fosters a deep love for everything related to nature.

West Virginia – Flannel and Fall Foliage

Meet West Virginia, or should we say, meet our AI-generated embodiment of “The Mountain State.” With his plaid flannel, hefty denim, and hunting cap, this character is dressed like he was born and raised among the rolling hills and rippling rivers of this Appalachian region. The background boasts an abundance of fiery fall colors- perfectly capturing the essence of a beautiful fall in West Virginia. It’s very much a yearly thing.

This man’s rugged outfit is more than just an aesthetic choice; it speaks volumes about the state’s love for outdoor activities- hunting, fishing, hiking, you name it- they do it.

Wisconsin – For Dairy Lovers

Here’s Wisconsin, represented a young couple who have potentially taken advantage of “America’s Dairyland” and all of its milky glory. Whether it’s cheese, milk, or a good homemade ice cream- it’s hard to think of the state without a good Swiss cheese coming to mind. These two look like they’ve run the mill a few times and might even have a farm of their very own. Yes, we’re very jealous.

Although Wisconsin has to be known for things that don’t always involve cheese, they do produce almost half of America’s cheese products from there – so we had to point it out.

Wyoming – Cowboys and Endless Skies

It’s time to saddle up for an AI rendition of Wyoming, featuring a tireless duo sporting well-worn cowboy hats and sun-beaten leather jackets. Their gaze is as steadfast as the Wyoming wing, their smiles as warm as the setting sun over the prairie. They might not be standing against the expansive Wyoming sky, but there’s a spirit here that is typical of “The Equality State.” – with Yellowstone National Park included.

These outfits are a homage to Wyoming’ deeply rooted cowboy culture. As “The Equality State,” Wyoming blazed trails by being the first to grant women the right to vote in elections.

Washington D. C. – The Capitol

Stepping onto the scene with a sense of style, this AI version of Washington D.C. simply makes sense. Wearing slick aviator sunglasses and a vibrantly yellow T-shirt with the American flag, he’s rocking a charismatic blend of patriotism and effortless cool. With the iconic and recognizable capitol in the background, the generated scene manages to perfectly capture the mix of history, power, and energy that expands throughout the nation’s capital.

This guy’s clothing strikes a huge contrast with the city’s formal reputation. His cool attitude points towards the city’s dynamic, fast-paced environment- a place where change happens, and history is made.

Dyingwords Followers: Which one do you like best? Vote for your favorite by leaving it in the comment box. And, yes, it’s okay to vote for your home state.

SUN DANCE – WHY CUSTER REALLY LOST THE BATTLE OF THE LITTLE BIGHORN

The Battle of the Little Bighorn is one of the highest-profile events still shaping North American history. It’s an intensely studied military and social conflict. Yet, the main mystery of what occurred in June of 1876 on the Montana plains seems unsolved. That’s why—not how—the Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne warriors were able to strategically and tactically annihilate five United States Army 7th Cavalry companies under Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer’s command and severely maul other soldiers in his regiment.

The core reason—the root cause—of why Custer really lost the Battle of the Little Bighorn hasn’t been identified by historians. They’ve overlooked the Sun Dance effect—the psychological and spiritual impact of the warriors’ cultural unity led by Lakota Chief Sitting Bull. This book outlines why the Lakota Sioux Sun Dance had such a powerful effect on the warriors’ will to win and why this sacred ceremony was the root cause of Custer’s demise.

That about 268 United States Army soldiers and approximately 40-50—maybe as many as 100—Native American civilians died in a brutally violent battle at a valley along the Little Bighorn River is a well-documented historical fact. Over the years, Custermania books saturated the non-fiction historical market. They’ve dissected practically every explainable part of the action.

Except for one. That’s where this book is different. It says Custer lost the Battle of the Little Bighorn because of the immense psychological effect the Native Americans’ ceremonial Sun Dance had on willing their people to win. Mentally, the Sun Dance made the warriors far better prepared to fight than the soldiers. In their minds, the warriors knew they would win. They were convinced that all they had to do was get the job done.

It was an amazing cohesiveness of combined will and unwavering belief that mobilized the Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne people to attack the United States Army. They defended themselves, and their very existence, through forced aggression. Nowhere—at any time—did Euro-American authorities expect “savages and inferiors” would be superior in spiritual, strategic and tactical warfighting. At the Battle of the Little Bighorn, Lt. Col. George Custer, and the 7th Cavalry he controlled, was mentally outclassed and defeated. It was because of the Sun Dance.

The Sioux and the 7th Engage

What happened at the Battle of the Little Bighorn is George Custer headed the U.S. Army 7th Cavalry regiment to find and engage a nomadic camp of Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne Native Americans spiritually invigorated by Hunkpapa Lakota Chief Sitting Bull. The military mission’s objective was to force free-roaming native people onto reservations so European-Americans could steal their remaining land. For the indigenous people, their objective was self-defense and preserving a traditional way of life.

Custer’s cavalry found Sitting Bull’s camp in a valley along the Little Bighorn River. The village was far larger than Custer anticipated—possibly up to 10,000 people. Custer chose to attack immediately—despite the massive population and having no idea of the resolve warriors had to fight—rather than conduct reconnaissance and prepare a proper battle plan or attempt negotiations. Historically, the disastrous results for the soldiers are well-documented. The Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne alliance overwhelmed and soundly defeated the U.S. Army.

The battle circumstances are well recorded, but the real reason—the root cause—why the warriors cohesively gelled and so effectively destroyed Custer’s troops was never distinctly identified. It was ignored. Research through carefully-applied root cause analysis techniques show the enormous positive effect Sitting Bull’s ceremonial Sun Dance—performed shortly before the battle—had on his people. Sitting Bull experienced a victory vision during the Sun Dance that mentally and spiritually prepared his warriors for combat.

Psychologically, the warriors knew there was a fight coming. They were convinced they’d be victorious. It wasn’t only their superior numbers. It wasn’t just the terrain and their home-turf advantage. And, it wasn’t simply their weapons and skillful tactics.

Those were factors, for sure. However, it was their collective mindset—their commitment to engage the soldiers—that gave them overwhelming and superior psychological power. Combined with physical cohesiveness, this allowed the warriors to stunningly defeat the United States Army. The 7th Cavalry soldiers never had a fighting chance.

Two Reasons for this Book

There’s been more written about the Little Bighorn confrontation than any other single American conflict, except possibly the Battle of Gettysburg—certainly more than Pearl Harbor and D-Day. Fascination about the Greasy Grass fight, as Native Americans call it, or Custer’s Last Stand as it’s also known, has never waned. There are plenty of factors for continual interest. Perhaps as many factors as there are books.

So, why this book when so many others exist? Why enter a saturated Custermania market of Little Bighorn writing when so many speculative theories and analytical examinations already exist? There are two reasons.

First, the current plight of the plains indigenous people and other Native Americans is directly attributed to white society actions that caused events like the Battle of the Little Bighorn. As military battles go, the Little Bighorn was a small skirmish though it had crushing ramifications. The battle’s aftermath set the stage for European-American and Native-American relations spanning more than a century.

The Battle of the Little Bighorn still has an impact on today’s Native-Euro American relationships. It’s exceptionally important for people to understand the wrongs inflicted on Native Americans by European-based society. Everyone can benefit from a deeper understanding of other cultures, especially a culture as spiritually advanced as the Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne were in the nineteenth century. That’s this book’s primary purpose.

Secondly, the core reason—the root cause—of why Lieutenant Colonel George Armstrong Custer and his 7th Cavalry lost the Battle of the Little Bighorn has never been precisely identified and articulated. Finding the root cause is vital as it solves a long-standing historical mystery and resolves many misconceptions. It produces a better understanding of this high-profile event and a greater appreciation for Native American culture.

Historians focus on issues like how drastically outnumbered Custer was and how he charged an attack without sufficient intelligence to know the terrain and his odds. Often, the main reason cited for Custer’s defeat is because he divided his command into smaller units unable to support one another. Poor communication between soldier groups under Custer’s command is another identified downfall.

Many suggest Custer’s ego played a big role in this recklessness—how his lust for glory overshadowed his caution and leadership responsibility to protect his command. Historians and Custer buffs also identify how regiment infighting, hunger and malnutrition, fatigue, fear, confusion and chaos, drunkenness, lack of discipline, low morale, poor training and weapons malfunction contributed to Custer’s defeat. Some even suggest Custer disobeyed orders.

All these factors were likely influences on the battle’s outcome. Probably most, combined, contributed to the 7th’s defeat. But, what really caused the warriors to win—the underlying root cause—was their mental state.

Sitting Bull’s Sun Dance Vision

It started with Sitting Bull’s vision at the Sun Dance. Sitting Bull held a multi-day cultural ceremony at Deer Medicine Rocks along the Rosebud River which is one watershed east of the Little Bighorn. This was in mid-June, 1876, about 10 days before the Little Bighorn battle. After enduring enormous pain through self-mutilation and sensory deprivation, Sitting Bull publicly danced in the blazing sun until he dropped from exhaustion.

Sitting Bull had a vision where mounted U.S. soldiers fell upside down from the sky into their camp. He interpreted this as a message from Wakan Tanka, or the Great Spirit Creator, that American soldiers would attack them but be annihilated by the warriors in a victorious battle.

Sitting Bull correctly predicted the army’s loss and the warriors’ win. To the Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne people, this was a divine message and a guarantee for victory. It psyched the warriors into a supercharged and unbeatable mental state.

The key to understanding this root cause is to appreciate the effect of Sitting Bull’s leadership and how Sitting Bull conducted himself in the Sun Dance held just days before the battle. It psychically and spiritually equipped the warriors to win. Sitting Bull’s credibility and integrity caused unity—cohesion with all native tribe occupants of the massive village including women, elders and other non-combatants.

Because their belief in winning was so strong—so overwhelmingly powerful—warriors went into battle with an unbreakable mental conviction. They knew they couldn’t lose. It was just a matter of exercising the process. That wasn’t the case with United States Army’s 7th Cavalry soldiers, and that’s why Custer really lost the Battle of the Little Bighorn.

Authority to Write This Book

Why am I an authority to write this book? First, I’m not a historian. I’m a retired investigator with experience as a homicide cop, then as a forensic coroner, now as a crime writer and researcher. I’m also formally trained in conducting a Root Cause Analysis of crime and accident events by the industry’s authority, Think Reliability.

I’ve always had an interest in the Battle of the Little Bighorn. I also have an intense interest and some experience in Native American spirituality after being exposed to the sweat lodge culture. It’s part of my curiosity to try and make some sense out of interconnected consciousness… but that’s for another book.

I decided to write a post on my blog site www.DyingWords.net about applying a root cause analysis to the Little Bighorn battle. To my surprise—my astonishment, you could say—I found the root cause of why Custer lost wasn’t the numbers, the tactics, the terrain, the weapons or even George Custer’s inflated ego and erroneous decision about ignoring reconnaissance and splitting his forces. These were factors, for sure. But no matter how I analyzed it, the arrows kept pointing at the Sun Dance.

What started as a blog post turned into this book. It began with fact research that took me down a historical rabbit hole, through tightly-connected strategical and tactical tunnels, then into a labyrinth of fascinating insights about military procedure, native culture and overall human conditions. Most blog posts take a few hours to research and write. This book took two years and I want to share it with you.

While the root cause of why Custer really lost the Battle of the Little Bighorn appears obvious, it seems this simple explanation escaped most historians. They paid little attention to the Sun Dance’s important influence in every publication and film I’ve seen. It’s fair to say that no other work details the Sun Dance connection to the Battle of the Little Bighorn. If it exists, I haven’t found it. If it does, I hope you can share.

Doing a Root Cause Analysis

Conducting a root cause analysis isn’t difficult. It’s actually a common sense approach to looking at an outcome, or a negative-impact loss situation, and getting to the root reason for what caused it. In the crime business, it helps identify the motive and points out the suspect. In the accident business, it identifies a danger and seeks to prevent another mishap by eliminating the cause. Determining a root cause also identifies responsibility and accountability for negligent actions.

The same principles apply whether you’re cause mapping something as simple as a fall down the stairs, something fairly routine like a vehicle accident, something serious like a homicide, or something as highly-complex as the Battle of the Little Bighorn. You keep asking, “Why?” till you run out of answers. That’ll give you the root cause.

Root cause analysis is also called cause and effect analysis or fish-boning. You state your effect like “over 300 unnecessary deaths at the Little Bighorn” and ask why that happened. Your first cause answer will be “a battle between the Lakota Sioux/Northern Cheyenne alliance and the U.S. Cavalry”. Your next question might be “why did the Sioux and Cheyenne ally?” The answer is because “Sitting Bull pulled them together for mutual protection through the Sun Dance ritual”. Another question is “Why were the soldiers so outnumbered?” The obvious answer is because “the Sioux and Cheyenne made a pact sealed by the Sun Dance to ally for safety in numbers to prevent being attacked by soldiers”.

This alliance and the huge number of warriors coming together happened because Sitting Bull realized the dangers from a direct attack on his camp by U.S. soldiers. His spiritual leadership allied all available native people into one huge village. The alliance mechanism mentally bonded them.

Sitting Bull galvanized this through the traditional Sun Dance ceremony and demonstrating the four sacred Lakota principles of bravery, fortitude, generosity and wisdom. At the Sun Dance, Sitting Bull reaffirmed his mental strength, physical endurance and unwavering personal commitment to his peoples’ welfare. Again, this points to the Sun Dance ritual as the common denominator for bonding the people.

You need to take every pertinent and contributing factor you can find into account when doing a root cause analysis. In the case of the Little Bighorn, that includes every relevant contributor or detractor on both sides of the battlefield. For the soldiers, there were leadership problems, a lack of training and proficiency in horsemanship, poor shooting ability, fatigue, pain, hunger, thirst, bad morale and regiment infighting, poor or non-existent reconnaissance and intelligence as well as severe tactical mistakes, fear, terror, emotional collapse and disorder leading to chaos and a complete command breakdown. Additionally, the soldiers didn’t have personal skin in the game until it came to the end. Then, it was too late to escape.

Native American Warrior Superiority

The list of contributing factors is also extensive, but it comes around to Native American warrior superiority in almost every way. They had the terrain on their side or home field advantage. The warriors had extensive weaponry and the skills to use it. And they also had total skin in the game from the start. Their cultural and personal survival depended on winning. But, most of all, the warriors had the unswayable will to win and the incredible ability to communicate through some form of consciousness-based interconnection across five miles of rugged battlefield.

Conventional western science doesn’t begin to address or understand this phenomenon. Somehow, it’s part of the Lakota and Cheyenne cultural complexity. That’s firmly formed, anchored and nurtured in the Sun Dance ritual. This reality is foreign to most Euro-Americans, but many people in today’s Native American societies understand this power and still practice the principles.

Finally, you’ll get to the question about mental preparedness. There’s no other answer than the Sun Dance. Clearly, the root cause of why Custer really lost the Battle of the Little Bighorn is due to Sitting Bull’s leadership in mentally preparing his warriors to fight. Not only were they incredibly psyched-up, but these fighting men were desperately protecting their families and their way of life. Their willpower and their ability to cooperate on the battlefield completely overpowered the 7th Cavalry. The Native Americans turned the table on the army, immediately and completely throwing the cavalry’s offensive charge into a defensive rout.

Building a Cause Map

On a cause map produced in a spreadsheet, the effect and cause boxes connect with arrows. My actual cause map for the Battle of the Little Bighorn on the Think Reliability Excel sheet is far more detailed. It’s available at a link on my website where you can print it out, but it looks something like this concept.

Root cause analysis theory is straightforward. You keep drilling down till you run out of questions. In some cases, there can be multiple root causes. With the Little Bighorn battle, you can make the argument that Custer made a gross tactical error by dividing his command against a vastly superior force. He failed to anticipate the warrior numbers and resolve to fight. History proves that quite right. Ultimately, Custer failed to properly assess his battle challenges and options.

In fact, the mentality of the entire United States Army hierarchy for capturing “hostile” natives was to prevent the villages from breaking up and fleeing. That’s what they assumed would happen. It wasn’t just Custer who got the native people wrong.

Not one of them—from President Ulysses S. Grant to William Sherman, General of the Army, to General Philip Sheridan, Commander of the Missouri Department, to General Alfred Terry, leader of the fateful 1876 Dakota-Montana-Wyoming summer campaign—gave any thought that the native people would do anything but flee or cut & run. Custer, like all his superiors, went into the campaign with the entire concern that his challenge would be locating and containing the Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne to prevent them from running.

The challenge with doing a proper and thorough root cause analysis with something as intertwined as the Battle of the Little Bighorn is getting reliable information. Determining the facts is crucial before putting them in an analytical order. Fortunately, there is a wealth of reliable knowledge available in books, films and internet sites. Sifting through what historically occurred leading up to, during and after the battle is time-consuming. Then there’s the task of researching the Sun Dance ceremony, and what psychological/physiological impact it really had.

Organizing This Book

To make sense of what happened at the Battle of the Little Bighorn and the implications it still has on the Native American people, it’s necessary to look at this thing in bite-sized chunks. I’ve laid this book out accordingly. You can take any section and read it independently of other parts. Or, you can follow the book chronologically from section to section.

It’s not intended to produce a complete history lesson on Euro-American and Native American relations. Rather, this book is primarily about what caused the Little Bighorn battle, why Custer lost, and what happened afterward to result in the current Native American plight. It’s a case of not knowing where you are—and where you’re going—without knowing where you’ve been. Here’s how this book is organized:

This book is meant as a resource for students of the Battle of the Little Bighorn and to inform anyone interested in this historical milestone to clearly grasp the facts. It’s also meant to raise awareness of the rich and complex cultural contribution that Native Americans have to offer. As well, it’s to help understand the plight suffered by current Native Americans.

I try not to be a Custer apologist or to overly bash him. History has done its fair share of both. This is simply an attempt to get the truth—as best as possible.

But, what I don’t think history has properly done is taking a detailed and objective look at the root cause of why Custer really lost the Battle of the Little Bighorn. And I’m sure nothing was more influential on how the battle turned out than the Sun Dance. I’m also positive George Custer never considered it.

As much as Custer had over a decade of soldier experience—some of it on the plains—he had little or no appreciation of the Native American resolve to fight at the Little Bighorn. He also had no understanding of the Sun Dance culture and the mental effect it had on the Lakota Sioux and Northern Cheyenne warriors. And Custer certainly had no idea how strong Sitting Bull’s spiritual guidance truly was.

George Custer severely underestimated his opponents. Custer was poorly prepared, psychologically unstable and culturally ignorant. He had no concept of Lakota spiritualism, how they thought, and the psychological power of Chief Sitting Bull’s Sun Dance ceremony.

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If you’d like a Free Advanced Reading Copy (ARC) of Sun Dance – Why Custer Really Lost the Battle of the Little Bighorn, email me at garry.rodgers@shaw.ca and let me know if you’d like a Mobi, Epub, PDF, Webpage or Word.doc file.