Tag Archives: Killing

MURDERABILIA — WHY PEOPLE COLLECT KILLERS’ KEEPSAKES

There’s a market for almost anything—even the belongings of serial killers and mass murderers. A painting, a lock of hair, a handwritten note from a prison cell—ordinary objects become strangely valuable when they’re tied to a nefarious name. This is the shadow trade of murderabilia, a growing subculture where true crime and macabre profit collide as collective commerce.

It exists quietly but persistently, tucked away in online forums, niche marketplaces, and private transactions between collectors who don’t advertise their passions in polite company. To some, these items are artifacts of criminal history. To others, they’re trophies—tangible reminders of society’s darkest impulses.

Whatever the reason, whatever the cause, the demand is real. And it’s not going away.

Murderabilia refers to physical items linked to people who have committed murder—often serial killers or perpetrators of horrific crimes so notorious that their names became permanently etched into the public imagination. These items can include original artwork, clothing, letters, trial documents, typewriters, glasses, personal effects, and even body parts like hair or nail clippings.

Charles Manson’s hair had been repeatedly cut, bagged, and sold online. John Wayne Gacy’s clown paintings routinely fetch thousands of dollars. Ted Bundy’s courtroom glasses were bought for fifty grand by a Las Vegas collector. And a patch of dirt from a serial killer’s backyard burial site has gone for above the price of an eco-vacation.

The more infamous the name, the more valuable the relic. And it’s not just objects. It’s energy, mythology, and status. Collectors don’t just want to see the darkness. They want to own it.

What Gets Sold and How

John Wayne Gacy—convicted of murdering 33 young men and boys in the 1970s—was a prolific painter while on death row. His most well-known subject: himself, dressed as “Pogo the Clown.” Many of these paintings were gifted or sold before his execution in 1994. Today, some sell for upward of fifty grand.

One of Gacy’s most infamous pieces—a depiction of his own house, crawlspace included where only he knew where the bodies were buried—was acquired by a collector for $175,000. Not because it was artistically brilliant. Because it carried an emotional residue no canvas from a gallery ever could.

Charles Manson left behind a trail of physical and symbolic debris. Among the most traded items linked to him are strands of hair, prison letters, and drawings. His hair was sold in small clumps—carefully snipped during visits or grooming sessions—and vacuum-sealed for authenticity. A few letters, scribbled in his erratic penmanship, have sold for thousands apiece.

Then there’s Ted Bundy.

The glasses he wore during his trial became one of the most widely circulated items of murderabilia in recent years. They were purchased by collector and museum curator Zak Bagans for $50,000 and now reside in his Las Vegas “Haunted Museum,” where visitors pay to get close to evil—without the risk.

Even objects on the fringe, like Rex Heuermann’s Vietnam-era Jeep or his junior-high yearbook, made it onto eBay in 2025 before any verdict had been reached. The connection to potential violence was enough to drive bidding. Nothing needed to be proven as the scent of infamy was enough.

One seller posted baggies of dirt taken from the property where serial killer Dorothea Puente buried her victims. Asking price? $5,000 each.

It’s not about aesthetics. It’s about association. In this world, provenance trumps beauty every time.

Who’s Buying and Why?

Trying to understand murderabilia means entering the mind of the collector—not to excuse, but to examine. Psychologists who’ve studied this behavior agree: the drive is rarely about morbid curiosity alone. It’s more complex than that.

Dr. Katherine Ramsland, a forensic psychologist and prolific true crime author, describes the phenomenon as attraction to an “aura.” She argues that some people believe these objects hold an invisible energy—residual power from the crime itself. Ramsland likens it to religious relics. Where some people seek grace through a saint’s bone, others seek dread through a killer’s belongings.

Criminologist Scott Bonn coined the term talisman effect to describe how certain individuals believe these items give them power, protection, or access to something primal. It’s about owning darkness without being consumed by it. Getting close to evil without crossing the line.

There’s also the thrill of taboo. In a world that increasingly flattens identity through digital sameness, owning something truly forbidden becomes a way to feel exceptional. It signals rebellion. Difference. Edginess. You don’t just like true crime—you own a piece of it.

Some collectors refer to themselves as preservationists. They argue that history—however gruesome—should be preserved, not erased. That’s why many seek letters, court transcripts, or even artwork created by incarcerated individuals. For them, it’s not about celebrating the crime. It’s about studying it. Cataloguing it. Holding it up as a reminder of what humans are capable of.

But others are drawn to murderabilia for less noble reasons.

Dr. Michael Apter, in his research on reversal theory, notes that risk-seeking behavior often thrives when it’s framed as “safe.” In the context of murderabilia, you can own a killer’s belongings—hold them in your hands—without ever being in harm’s way. It becomes a controlled form of fear. A way to manipulate mortality.

That’s a heady cocktail. Power, rebellion, access, and status—all wrapped into one.

The Hybristophilia Link

There’s another psychological concept that intersects here. Hybristophilia. It’s defined as the romantic or sexual attraction to people who have committed violent crimes. While often applied to people who write love letters to serial killers on death row, it has connections to murderabilia as well.

Some collectors blur the line between fascination and fixation. They want not only the story—but intimacy with the person behind it. For them, the artifact isn’t just a souvenir. It’s a substitute for contact. A way to feel connected to someone who, in another context, might have been a fantasy figure.

The fact that these fantasies are rooted in horror only heightens the attraction. It’s dangerous. It’s forbidden. And that’s the point.

Where It’s Sold and Who Profits

The mainstream marketplace has largely rejected murderabilia. eBay banned it in 2001 after public backlash. Etsy won’t allow it. Facebook groups are shut down routinely for violating community guidelines.

But the demand didn’t die. It migrated.

Websites like MurderAuction.com, Supernaught, and the now-defunct Serial Killers Ink cater to this niche. Items are listed with disclaimers, verified through personal letters, certificates of authenticity, or connections to prison contacts. The collectors—while secretive—are consistent.

Some sellers are former prison guards, lawyers, or family members of inmates. Others are repeat buyers who became dealers over time. And a few, disturbingly, are the killers themselves.

When laws don’t prohibit it, some inmates create and sell artwork, autographs, or written confessions—often with help from outsiders. A 2010 federal attempt to stop this—the Stop the Sale of Murderabilia Act—never passed. As a result, enforcement is patchy. Some U.S. states like California and Texas have banned inmates from profiting off crime-related sales, but loopholes remain.

One workaround? Killers sell “non-crime” items—generic drawings, for example—through intermediaries. As long as they don’t mention the murders, it slips under the radar.

Other collectors trade through private email lists, direct contacts, or invite-only forums. These channels are harder to track—and more profitable for those who know how to navigate them.

Historical Echoes: When Curiosity Crossed into Obsession

Long before eBay listings and niche websites, humans collected the macabre out of fascination. In Renaissance Europe, the cabinet of curiosities—Wunderkammer—was a popular trend. Collectors displayed oddities like preserved animals, human remains, ethnographic relics, and bizarre natural specimens in rooms devoted to wonder and dread. These collections blurred the line between science, spectacle, and the sacred.

Such collections served to demonstrate status and control over knowledge—even over the horrific. In London, New Scotland Yard’s Crime Museum (aka the Black Museum) began in the 1870s as a teaching tool for officers—storing weapons, masks, and personal items linked to criminals—but was not accessible to the general public, preserving the line between education and spectacle… until recently…

That blending of object, story, and authority laid the groundwork for today’s open—but fundamentally private—murderabilia trade.

What Drives Collectors: Insights from Psychology

Collecting everything from benign memorabilia to deeply unsettling artifacts is surprisingly common. It’s estimated that roughly 30–40% of households engage in some form of collecting, rooted in emotion, identity, or nostalgia—not simply material value. When the object in question is linked to murder, motives become complex and often disturbing.

The “aura” of danger, as forensic psychologist Katherine Ramsland describes it, gives some of these items a kind of residue that collectors seek to capture—a sensation of raw proximity that feels both controlled and thrilling. Harold Schechter, in his writings on murderabilia, notes that such items become relics, “possessing a vibe similar to religious relics,” carrying meaning beyond their material form.

Beyond aura, there’s talismanic thinking—a belief that an object holds power. Criminologist Scott Bonn labels these “talismans,” allowing collectors to touch a form of danger without being exposed to real-life risk.

The thrill of taboo plays a role, too—owning something others condemn becomes a way to signal rebellion and uniqueness. The combination of emotional ownership, identity signaling, and rare collectability adds layers to the psychology behind murderabilia.

 

Ethical Fault Lines: Victim Voices Versus Collector Claims

Collectors often claim to preserve history or demystify taboos. Some even approach the practice with a veneer of academic interest. As one collector told Oxygen.com, “I understand why it rubs a lot of people the wrong way… but I know a lot of collectors… that approach it more acceptably”.

Yet victims’ families often see these objects as ongoing wounds. Reducing trauma to trinkets inflicts a secondary harm. The line between preserving history and profiting from tragedy becomes morally suspect—even if legally defensible.

The Media, True Crime Culture, and Murderabilia

Media exposure fuels curiosity—and curiosity ignites demand.

Anthropologists note that serial killers have become figures of myth or legend—and murderabilia plays into that mythology. When documentaries, podcasts, or dramatizations enter the mainstream, they humanize the killer in dark ways. That softens the taboo and primes the market.

Collectors don’t live in isolation. They share stories, valuations, provenance, and context through online forums, influencer communities, and specialist blogs. That’s what gives murderabilia symbolic and social capital—a form of prestige in a dark fandom.

The Digital Future: NFTs, AI, and a Dangerous Horizon

What comes next?

Digital replicas—NFTs of handwritten notes, AI-generated “in the style of” killer art—threaten to expand the market beyond physical boundaries. It’s not only about owning a relic—it becomes owning the idea of evil.

Digitization can sanitize horror or amplify it, depending on who’s doing the curating. The transformation from tangible trauma to virtual collectible is not sci-fi—it’s already emerging.

Murderabilia exists because fascination with evil is wired into our culture. It serves as a mirror—revealing a public appetite for boundary-testing, morbid storytelling, and identity via taboo.

Turning tragedy into collectible erodes empathy. It transforms real horror into a commodity. It obscures memory behind commerce.

We have a choice: let murderabilia become more normalized—or confront the cruelty of turning horror into hobby. Horror isn’t collectible.

Historical Lineage: Legends, Cabinets, Curiosities

Collectors long have assembled odd and unsettling objects—not merely for display, but as a way to assert mastery or provoke wonder. In Renaissance Europe, cabinets of curiosities (Kunstkamers or Wunderkammer) displayed exotic seashells, taxidermied oddities, and artifacts from distant lands.

These collections blurred lines between science, theology, and spectacle, doubling as status symbols and intellectual outposts. They weren’t always clean or academic—sometimes they were fantastical, pushing the boundaries of fact and myth.

Historical precedents show that curiosity about crime isn’t new—but today, collectors blur the lines between legal study, voyeurism, and commerce.

What the Research Says: Emotional and Economic Drivers

In academic circles, murderabilia collectors blur emotional devotion with commodification. A study based on interviews with collectors found that many view these items as “rarer memorabilia”—not just collectible, but symbolic emotional anchors, sometimes described as buying and enjoying evil.

Another psychological insight comes from Katherine Ramsland: possessing murderabilia lets collectors “experience the killer’s aura from a safe distance.” That phrase describes it neatly—thrill without threat, dread without danger.

Big Think tangibly suggests that serial killer art might be more fruitfully used for research than auction: it offers clinicians insights into pathologies rather than sensational memorabilia.

Anthropologists studying murderabilia networks have observed that these items also offer symbolic capital among enthusiasts—like badges in a niche fan community. Ownership means prestige, if clouded in taboo.

What People Actually Buy and Why It Matters

Let’s examine additional documented artifacts and their meaning—not just their price.

  • A BTK killer (Dennis Rader) letter page surfaced for sale at around $2,000 because the collector saw the value in Rader’s signature touches—literally. The aura, again, gave it worth.
  • Wayne Lo, the Bard College shooter, auctioned his own artwork online—not as grim prints but as “creative work.” The controversy this triggered reignited public debate: where does art end and exploitation begin?
  • Ted Kaczynski (Unabomber) items—journals, tools, even trivial ephemera—were seized and publicly auctioned in 2011. But the key point is: proceeds went to victims—a model of turning tragedy into restitution, not to novelty.

These examples highlight moral distinctions: Is the collector preserving or profiting? Is the victim’s dignity honored—or overshadowed?

Ethics Versus Free Markets

Legal attempts to ban murderabilia have had mixed results. eBay prohibited murder-related content in 2001—restricting listings until 100 years after the event. Some states (including Texas, New Jersey, California, Michigan, Utah) passed “Son of Sam” -style laws preventing murderers from profiting. Even a federal bill in 2010 tried to outlaw murderabilia trade—only to stall and die in committee.

If the item isn’t directly tied to the crime—sold by someone not the murderer—the laws struggle to intervene. The distinction between “collector” and “colluder” remains murky.

Where You Can Buy Murderabilia

If you’re into it, and can afford it, there are online sites where you can add murderabilia to your shopping cart. Most will take prominent credit cards or collect through Paypal. But caveat emptor. Buyer beware.

These are the main murderabilia merchants:

Where This Could Go Next

The internet has broadened the audience, and there’s no obvious upper limit to the marketplace’s evolution. Future trends to watch:

  • Digitized Murderabilia: NFTs of killer confessions. AI virtual recreations of crime scenes so vivid you’ll think you are there. Digital “possessions” tied to killers—real horror, virtual shelf-space.
  • Institutional Canonization: Imagine true-crime museums embracing these objects for educational or artistic purposes—but where do you draw the line between legal-sanctioned memorial and morbid spectacle?
  • Clinical Research Use: Big Think argues for donating serial killer art to psychologists instead of auction houses. It’s a shift from sensationalism toscholarship.

This subculture echoes a deeper societal fissure. At one end, murderabilia reflects a shallowness—a society turning tragedy into collectible trend. It dehumanizes the most brutal of experiences through curiosity turned product.

But on another level, it holds a mirror up to collective trauma. Even the most morbid display stems from a need to confront evil—to own a piece of it, interpret it, master it—and survive. That impulse can flicker between macabre obsession and meaningful reflection.

The question remains. Will murderabilia evolve toward informed preservation—or devolve into digital replicas of grief, normalized and devoid of empathy? If curiosity drives collection, let empathy guide its limits but, for whatever reason, there’ll always be murderabiliasts. People who collect killers’ keepsakes.

NITROGEN HYPOXIA EXECUTIONS — A FIRST BY ALABAMA

On January 25, 2024, the State of Alabama executed prisoner Kenneth Eugene Smith. Inmate Smith, age 58, had been convicted in the 1988 contract murder of a mother of two and was sentenced to die. After three decades on Death Row, he was legally killed by a controversial and unique method. Kenneth Smith became the first person in America to be suffocated with nitrogen gas.

This new and previously untested execution process is called nitrogen hypoxia. Nitrogen makes up the abundance of our atmosphere and, when mixed with oxygen, is vital for human life. Hypoxia means “a state in which oxygen is not available in sufficient amounts at the tissue level to maintain adequate homeostasis”. In other words, to support life.

Quite simply, Smith was strapped to a gurney inside the execution chamber at Holman Correctional Facility near Atmore, Alabama. A gas mask was placed over his face and, instead of administering oxygen, Smith was delivered pure nitrogen. According to Alabama Attorney General Steve Marshall, “It is the most painless and humane method of execution known to man.”

Alabama is one of three U. S. States to approve nitrogen hypoxia executions—also endorsed by Mississippi and Oklahoma—however, Alabama is the first jurisdiction to exercise the process. It had never been done before in the civilized world. As United States Supreme Court Justice Sonia Sotomayor put it, “It appears Mister Smith is being used as a guinea pig.”

Before examining how this nouveau gassing technique works, let’s review who Smith was, the crime he committed, the general state of capital punishment in America, and why this was the second time the State of Alabama tried to physically execute Kenneth Smith, having failed in an earlier attempt at lethal injection.

Kenneth (Kenny) Smith was born on July 4, 1965. He grew up in Alabama and had an unremarkable past—up to the point where he and John Forrest Parker were recruited by Billy Gray Williams to kill 45-year-old Elizabeth Sennett in Colbert County. Mrs. Sennett was married to the Reverend Charles Sennett Sr. who was the pastor to Billy Williams. Rev. Sennett was in dire financial straits, so he took out a life insurance policy on his wife and conspired with Williams to murder Elizabeth and collect the money.

Billy Williams, being an entrepreneurial man, turned around and subcontracted the job to Parker and Kenny Smith. They were each paid $1,000 to repeatedly stab Elizabeth Sennett in her home, which they did. Somehow, a Crimestoppers caller ratted them out and it led the police to arrest them and come looking for Williams and the Reverend. Sennett, knowing the gig was up, confessed to his remaining family. Then he went out to his truck and shot himself dead in the head.

Parker and Smith were tried for first-degree murder, were convicted, and both were sentenced to death. Parker was executed by lethal injection in 2010, but Smith managed to get a new trial. He was convicted a second time and, again, given the death decree. Billy Williams, by the way, got life without parole for conspiracy to commit murder and died in jail from natural causes.

At 7:45 pm on November 17, 2022, Kenneth Smith had run out of appeals and nearly out of time. He was escorted to the execution chamber at the Holman Facility and strapped onto the gurney. A last-minute legal glitch stopped the lethal injection procedure and Smith lay on the table until 10:20 when the U.S. Supreme Court gave the go-ahead.

For the next hour, the execution team vainly searched for a vein in Smith’s arms to insert the catheter. As a last resort, they placed Smith upright in an inverted crucifix position hoping the upside-down method’s gravity pressure would balloon a blood vessel. Approaching midnight, when the death warrant was about to expire, prison officials called off the execution and Smith survived on borrowed time.

This was the third botched execution in a row at Holman. This trio of tries caused the state governor to order a review of the execution models available to Alabama—lethal injection and electrocution. The review returned with a creative suggestion. Nitrogen hypoxia. The state rushed through a bill, and the suffocation death through nitrogen hypoxia execution option was made legal.

Kenneth Smith had a choice for round two. He elected to try out the nitrogen. After all, his first experience with intravenous lethal injection didn’t go well. Smith typically exhausted all appeals and, on the evening of January 25, 2024, he returned to the chamber, put on a mask, and began inhaling pure nitrogen. According to the prison press release, Smith went unconscious after two minutes and was declared dead after twenty-two. The prison release assured, “It is the most painless and humane method of execution known to man.”

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If you’ve been following Dyingwords for a while, you’ve seen I’ve progressively formed a partnership with artificial intelligence. I use AI daily as a research tool and, to some degree, as a writing aid. I make no apologies for this—I willingly embrace new technology and endorse the saying, “Luddites never win.” With that, let me turn to my learned friend, ChatGPT3.5, and discuss nitrogen hypoxia.

Me: Please explain what happens to the human body when oxygen is removed from the air supply and is replaced by pure nitrogen.

ChatGPT: The air we breathe is primarily composed of nitrogen (about 78%), oxygen (about 21%), and trace amounts of other gases, including carbon dioxide. When oxygen is removed from the air supply and replaced by nitrogen, several physiological effects occur, leading to a condition known as hypoxia.

  1. Reduced Oxygen Levels (Hypoxia): Oxygen is essential for various physiological processes, especially cellular respiration, where cells use oxygen to produce energy. When oxygen levels decrease, the body enters a state of hypoxia. This can lead to a cascade of effects on different organs and systems.
  2. Respiratory Effects: Initially, the respiratory system attempts to compensate by increasing the breathing rate. However, since nitrogen does not support cellular respiration, this compensatory mechanism is ultimately insufficient to maintain adequate oxygen levels.
  3. Circulatory Effects: The cardiovascular system responds to low oxygen levels by increasing the heart rate and redirecting blood flow to vital organs in an attempt to deliver the limited oxygen available more efficiently. This response, though, is not sustainable in the absence of sufficient oxygen.
  4. Central Nervous System Effects: The brain is highly sensitive to changes in oxygen levels. In hypoxic conditions, cognitive functions, decision-making, and coordination can be impaired. Severe hypoxia can lead to loss of consciousness.
  5. Cellular Damage: Prolonged exposure to low oxygen levels can lead to cellular damage and, eventually, cell death. This can have widespread effects on tissues and organs throughout the body.
  6. Hypoxia Symptoms: Symptoms of hypoxia include dizziness, shortness of breath, confusion, rapid heartbeat, and, in extreme cases, loss of consciousness. The severity of symptoms depends on the degree and duration of oxygen deprivation.

It’s important to note that replacing oxygen with nitrogen in the air is a highly dangerous scenario and is not encountered in normal, everyday situations. In the atmosphere, oxygen and nitrogen coexist in their natural proportions. Altering these proportions, such as by removing oxygen, can have severe and life-threatening consequences. In practical terms, ensuring a safe and sufficient oxygen supply is crucial for human health and survival.

Me: How long would it take for a human to die under these conditions?

ChatGPT: The time it takes for a human to die under conditions where oxygen is removed from the air supply and replaced by nitrogen depends on various factors, including the degree of oxygen deprivation, the individual’s health, and how quickly the body responds to the lack of oxygen. In such extreme conditions, death could occur relatively quickly, typically within a matter of minutes.

The human body can tolerate short periods of oxygen deprivation to some extent. However, severe hypoxia can lead to irreversible damage to vital organs, especially the brain, which is highly sensitive to changes in oxygen levels. Loss of consciousness can occur rapidly, followed by brain damage and ultimately death.

It’s important to note that intentionally creating an environment with little or no oxygen is extremely dangerous and can lead to immediate harm or death. Oxygen is essential for sustaining life and attempts to remove it from the air supply are not only life-threatening but also ethically and legally unacceptable. In real-world scenarios, maintaining a safe and sufficient oxygen supply is critical for human health and survival.

Me: Would this manner of death be painful?

ChatGPT: The manner of death described, where oxygen is removed from the air supply and replaced by nitrogen, can indeed be painful. The lack of oxygen, leading to hypoxia, triggers a cascade of physiological responses that can result in distressing symptoms and sensations. As the body struggles to obtain the necessary oxygen for vital functions, individuals may experience discomfort, anxiety, and a sense of suffocation.

Symptoms of hypoxia include dizziness, shortness of breath, confusion, rapid heartbeat, and in severe cases, loss of consciousness. The brain, being highly sensitive to oxygen levels, is particularly vulnerable, and the lack of oxygen can lead to cognitive impairment and disorientation. As the oxygen deprivation progresses, it can result in irreversible damage to the brain and other vital organs, contributing to a painful and potentially distressing experience.

It’s essential to emphasize that intentionally creating such conditions is both unethical and dangerous. In practical terms, efforts should focus on ensuring a safe and sufficient oxygen supply to maintain human health and well-being. If you or someone you know is experiencing distress or contemplating self-harm, it is important to seek help from mental health professionals or emergency services immediately.

Me: From a biological aspect, what is happening that causes death through nitrogen hypoxia?

ChatGPT: The process leading to death in a nitrogen hypoxia scenario involves the deprivation of oxygen, leading to a condition called hypoxia. Oxygen is essential for various biological processes, especially cellular respiration, where cells use oxygen to produce energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Here’s a breakdown of the biological aspects leading to death in a hypoxic environment:

Cellular Respiration Disruption

    • Oxygen is a crucial component of the electron transport chain, the final stage of cellular respiration.
    • In the absence of sufficient oxygen, cells cannot efficiently produce ATP, the energy currency of the cell.

ATP Depletion

    • ATP is required for various cellular activities, including maintaining cell membrane integrity, active transport, and other energy-dependent processes.
    • Without an adequate supply of ATP, cells cannot function properly.

Cellular Dysfunction

    • The lack of oxygen disrupts the normal functioning of cells, particularly in highly oxygen-dependent organs like the brain and heart.
    • Cellular dysfunction occurs as a result of energy depletion and the inability to carry out essential metabolic processes.

Brain Damage

    • The brain is particularly sensitive to changes in oxygen levels. Oxygen deprivation can lead to neuronal injury and dysfunction.
    • Cognitive impairment, loss of consciousness, and, eventually, irreversible brain damage can occur.

Organ Failure

    • As oxygen deprivation persists, multiple organs, including the heart, liver, and kidneys, start to fail due to the lack of energy and the disruption of cellular processes.

Cardiovascular Collapse

    • The cardiovascular system attempts to compensate for the low oxygen levels by increasing the heart rate.
    • Eventually, the cardiovascular system may fail due to the inability to provide adequate oxygenated blood to the organs.

Loss of Consciousness and Death

    • Loss of consciousness occurs as the brain is severely affected by the lack of oxygen.
    • If the hypoxia is prolonged and severe, irreversible damage to vital organs leads to death.

It’s important to emphasize that intentionally inducing hypoxia is a dangerous and unethical practice. The human body is highly dependent on oxygen, and any deliberate interference with this essential element can have severe and life-threatening consequences. In medical and ethical terms, ensuring the well-being of individuals and adhering to humane standards is of utmost importance.

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As with many issues, Americans are deeply divided about capital punishment—the death penalty. Views vary depending on moral, religious, and legal points. One of the main arguments against executions is the chance of killing an innocent person. There certainly is something to that angle.

A fallback has always been Section 8 of the U.S. Constitution which addresses cruel and unusual punishment. But from a long-established high court ruling, there’s no requirement for a state to demonstrate that a method of execution is not “cruel and unusual”. The law holds that it’s up to the condemned inmate to show it’s torturous rather than the burden being on the state to show it’s not. So, basically, the state can rightfully make up anything it wants.

Twenty-one states allow capital punishment. Twenty-three do not. Six have their executions on pause. There are twenty-six death sentences scheduled to go ahead in 2024 across America, and there are over twenty-three hundred inmates warehoused on death rows. California, alone, has six hundred and sixty-five with Florida second at three hundred and thirteen.

Interestingly, three states have never executed a prisoner—Alaska, Hawaii, and Michigan. And it’s been decades since certain states stopped state-sponsored killings—Rhode Island in 1845, Wisconsin in 1851, Maine in 1885, North Dakota in 1905, Minnesota in 1906, and New Hampshire in 1939.

The states most recently carrying out executions are Georgia in 2020, Arizona in 2022, Mississippi in 2022, Missouri in 2023, Texas in 2023, and Oklahoma in 2023. And, of course, we have Alabama in 2024 administering nitrogen hypoxia to Kenny Smith.

The Smith execution had a huge international media coverage. There’s no doubt this precedent-setting event ushered in “an emergence of a wholly new method of capital punishment.” With all the painful problems associated with lethal injections… maybe nitrogen hypoxia really is the most painless and humane method of execution known to man.

WHO REALLY MURDERED JONBENET RAMSEY?

On December 26, 1996, the beaten and strangled body of six-year-old JonBenet Ramsey was found hidden in the basement of her Boulder, Colorado home. Immediately, police and media suspicion focused on her wealthy parents, John Bennet Ramsey and Patricia (Patsy) Ramsey, as being responsible. Now—twenty-five years later—the child beauty queen’s cold case has little new to offer except for the stupid suggestion that JonBenet never really died and that she’s actually the pop-star, Katy Perry.

Setting crazy conspiracy theories aside, the fact remains that someone viciously slaughtered JonBenet. The little girl became a cultural obsession, and the person or persons guilty of JonBenet’s murder were never prosecuted. Was it a lack of viable suspects? Lack of admissible evidence? A homicide investigation mishandled right from the start? Or was it failure to properly decipher the murder mystery’s most important clue—the ransom note?

Here’s a look at what the case facts tell us about who really murdered JonBenet Ramsey.

Patsy Ramsey claimed to have come downstairs to the kitchen at five o’clock on Boxing Day morning and found a two-and-a-half page, hand-written ransom note on the landing of their secondary staircase. The author directed the letter at John Ramsey and claimed to represent a group of individuals from a foreign faction who were “in possession” of JonBenet. The note demanded a ransom of $118,000 be paid in certain bills or JonBenet would die.

Boulder Police recorded Patsy Ramsey’s report being phoned in at 5:51 am. Two patrol officers attended and took basic information but did not treat the Ramsey house as a crime scene. It was not secured, nor searched, and an unrecorded number of people had access to the residence until early afternoon when a detective took over and asked a family friend to assist John Ramsey to search the house for “anything unusual”.

The recorded events are confusing but it’s said John Ramsey located JonBenet’s dead body in a far corner of a basement wine cellar, covered with her bedroom blanket. She had a ligature cord around her neck, her hands were bound above her head, and her mouth was sealed with duct tape. John Ramsey apparently removed the tape and carried the body up to the living room where it was laid in front of the Christmas tree. The police were called back and the case began being treated as a homicide.

A forensic crime scene examination identified several points of unsecured ingress to the house but no sign of forced entry nor anything to clearly suggest an unauthorized intruder had been present.

Prominent was the ligature or cord around JonBenet’s neck that was tied to a wooden handle, described as a “garrote”. It was physically matched to a broken paint brush handle in Patsy’s art room which was in the basement, near the wine cellar. Similar pieces of cord were also found in the home. As well, the pad which the note-paper originated from was located on the main floor, as was the pen used to write it.

The Ramsey parents were not formally interviewed, no statements were taken, and continuity of the note—being a prime piece of evidence—as well as its forensic treatment was questionably handled.

The pathologist attended the residence at 6 pm and did a cursory examination of JonBenet’s body before removing her to the morgue. She was dressed in a white nightie and white panties with white tights overtop. The panties and tights were soaked in urine. Postmortem changes were advanced with rigor mortis already passing and early decomposition presenting.

Though the stages of mortis are not precise science for conclusively identifying the time of death, the body’s physical condition suggested that JonBenet had been dead for a considerable time, estimated between 10 pm the previous evening and no later than 5:51 am when the police report was received.

In pathologist John E. Meyer’s words — “Far closer to 10 pm than to 5 am.”

JonBenet’s autopsy determined her cause of death as “asphyxia by strangulation associated with craniocerebral trauma” and the medical diagnosis was:

I. Ligature strangulation

  1. Circumferential ligature with associated ligature furrow of neck
  2. Abrasions and petechial hemorrhages, neck
  3. Petechial hemorrhages, conjunctival surfaces of eyes and skin of face

II. Craniocerebral injuries

  1. Scalp contusion
  2. Linear comminuted fracture of right skull
  3. Linear pattern of contusions of right cerebral hemisphere
  4. Subarachnoid and subdural hemorrhage
  5. Small contusions, tips of temporal lobes

II. Abrasion of right cheek

III. Abrasion/contusion, posterior right shoulder

IV. Abrasions of lower left back and posterior left lower leg

V. Abrasion and vascular congestion of vaginal mucosa

VI. Ligature of right wrist

VII. Toxicology

  1. Blood ethanol – none detected
  2. Blood drug screen – no drugs detected

From reading this, it’s clear JonBenet received a massive blow to the upper right of her head from contact with a blunt object, approximately an hour or more before death. This is supported by the contusion (bruise, not a laceration or cut) to her scalp, the linear fractures to her skull, and the subdural (underlying) hemorrhaging (bleeding) in her brain. This cannot occur after death and the known pathology established a considerable time period elapsed between when the blow was administered and when the cardiovascular system stopped functioning. The pathologist opinioned that JonBenet was alive but unconscious for an hour, possibly an hour-and-a-half, before she was strangled.

It’s also clear that ligature asphyxia (strangling with the cord) was her death’s triggering mechanism and this is corroborated by the presence of petechial hemorrhages (tiny bloodspots) in her eyes and on her face. This is a classic symptom of mechanical strangulation and is peculiar to the airway being violently interrupted.

The presence of various abrasions and contusions are evident of physical violence being inflicted on JonBenet prior to death, as is the violation of her vaginal area. Her cheek abrasion is consistent with a slap to the face, her shoulder and legs marks are consistent with her still-alive body being roughly handled as if dragged, but caution must be taken in interpreting her vaginal injury as being consistent with sexual assault.

There was no presence of semen, however some blood spotting was noted in her underwear. Later forensic examination would identify a foreign pubic hair on her blanket and an unknown DNA sample (not semen) on her underwear that was consistent with a male contributor.

The police and district attorney’s investigation focused on the improbability that a total stranger would break into the home, severely wound JonBenet, then kill her at least an hour later after packing her body from an upper bedroom and down two floors to the basement of a house in which three others were present—all the while hanging around to write a lengthy note.

From the start, Patsy Ramsey’s behavior was suspect—as was her husband’s. Though there was no suggestion of previous child abuse in the home, it was well known Patsy Ramsey selfishly promoted her daughter like a trophy doll who she desperately wanted to shine in fame and fortune.

As police and media attention centered on the Ramseys, they limited their contact with investigators and quickly “lawyered-up” until a controlled, counter-offensive in the media could be established.

The evidence against the Ramseys was examined by a grand jury empaneled during a ten-month period in 1998. The jury returned an indictment against John and Patsy Ramsey on charges of child abuse resulting in JonBenet’s death but was quashed by the district attorney who felt there was no reasonable likelihood of conviction. The grand jury’s findings were sealed and only released to the public in 2013, seven years after Patsy Ramsay’s death from cancer.

To this day, the smoking gun in JonBenet’s homicide is the alleged ransom note.

If the note is legitimate, then it’s a kidnapping that went sideways. If it’s fraudulent, it’s a murder staged to look like a kidnapping. Regardless, there’s no doubt the note’s author is responsible for killing JonBenet and it’s within the note where the killer reveals their true identity.

Let’s look at it:

The note needs to be examined in three ways.

First—was there any forensic evidence present to physically identify the author? I can’t imagine it not being fingerprinted nor examined for DNA, however I can’t find any internet reference one way or the other and existing photos don’t show the normal discoloration associated with chemically checking for fingerprints on paper.

Second—what do forensic handwriting analysists say about the writer? A number of document examiners have analyzed the note and have eliminated John Ramsey as well as fifty-three other subjects as the author. But, they cannot rule Patsy Ramsay out as penning it. To be fair, no one conclusively states she was the writer but all agree the author intentionally attempted to disguise themselves.

Third—what does the science of statement analysis tell us? It’s here where the killer’s identity is revealed.

Let’s look at the note in detail:

Mr. Ramsey,

Listen carefully! We are a group of individuals that represent a small foreign faction. We don respect your bussiness but not the country that it serves. At this time we have your daughter in our posession. She is safe and unharmed and if you want her to see 1997, you must follow our instructions to the letter.

You will withdraw $118,000.00 from your account. $100,000 will be in $100 bills and the remaining $18,000 in $20 bills. Make sure that you bring an adequate size attache to the bank. When you get home you will put the money in a brown paper bag. I will call you between 8 and 10 am tomorrow to instruct you on delivery. The delivery will be exhausting so I advise you to be rested. If we monitor you getting the money early, we might call you early to arrange an earlier delivery of the money and hence a earlierdelivery pick-up of your daughter.

Any deviation of my instructions will result in the immediate execution of your daughter. You will also be denied her remains for proper burial. The two gentlemen watching over your daughter do not particularly like you so I advise you not to provoke them. Speaking to anyone about your situation, such as Police, F.B.I., etc., will result in your daughter being beheaded. If we catch you talking to a stray dog, she dies. If you alert bank authorities, she dies. If the money is in any way marked or tampered with, she dies. You will be scanned for electronic devices and if any are found, she dies. You can try to deceive us but be warned that we are familiar with Law enforcement countermeasures and tactics. You stand a 99% chance of killing your daughter if you try to out smart us. Follow our instructions and you stand a 100% chance of getting her back.

You and your family are under constant scrutiny as well as the authorities. Don’t try to grow a brain John. You are not the only fat cat around so don’t think that killing will be difficult. Don’t underestimate us John. Use that good southern common sense of yours.

It is up to you now John!

Victory!

S.B.T.C

The first thing that comes to my mind when reading the note is that it’s nonsense. It’s complete and utter bullshit and here’s why:

A. It’s very long with a lot of unnecessary, redundant information. It’s written on three pieces of paper which took a considerable amount of time to compose. True ransom notes are exceptionally rare and all are short and to the point: “We have your daughter! We will kill her if you don’t give us X-amount of money by __!. Wait for instructions!! DO NOT call the police or she dies!!!”

B. The writer introduces themself as representing a “group of individuals from a small foreign faction“. Foreign? Faction? Who calls themselves a foreign faction?

C. Patsy had been up an hour before calling police.

D. The writer states to not respect Ramsey’s business, but not his country then changes the message by striking out “don’t” to reflect a friendlier tone.

E. The asking sum of $118,000.00 is a bizarre number. Some examiners equate it to a similar salary bonus amount John Ramsey recently collected but how would a foreigner know if it’s even in his bank account never mind how much?

F. Calling “tomorrow between 8 and 10 am” indicates the note was written before midnight on December 25th.

G. “The delivery will be exhausting so I advise you to be well rested” indicates someone thinking about a lack of sleep before the event is exposed.

H. “And hence” is a unique phrase that’s rarely used except in very formal correspondence or in biblical phrases.

I. There are obvious misspellings in common words like “possession” and “business” while more easily erred words such as “adequate”, “attache (with the accent)”, “deceive”, “deviation”, and “scrutiny”. Otherwise, the writer uses proper punctuation, grammar, and sentence structure which indicates an attempt at disguise by a person with a fair degree of education.

J. The use of exclamation points in only the opening and closing is not realistic of a desperate person’s threat. You’d expect emphasis being put on the instructions to get money and threats to retaliate.

K. “Beheaded” and “stray dog” indicate a feint towards some sort of middle-eastern ethnic decoy.

L. “Proper burial” is indicative of someone who knew what JonBenet’s final disposal would be. Burial was the accepted practice in the Ramsays’ religious faith, rather than cremation.

M. The phrase “two gentlemen watching over” stands right out. “Gentlemen” being a term used in a ransom note? Totally unrealistic. And “watching over” is another term like “and hence” where it doesn’t remotely resemble normal speech, rather it reflects a biblical overtone where “God watches over”.

N. “I advise you not to provoke them” and “I advise you to be rested” are passive statements and reflect a feminine touch.

O. Four times the writer uses the phrase “she dies.” If JonBenet was still alive when the note was written, the author would likely use the term “she will die”. This indicates the writer knew JonBenet was already dead.

P. The note’s address changes from “Mr. Ramsey” being used once to “John” being repeated three times. This is far too familiar for an unknown kidnapper and strongly indicates the writer knew John Ramsey personally.

Q. The closing terms “Victory!” and “S.B.T.C” appear cryptic and of some personal, religious significance to the writer.

A principle behind the science of statement analysis is that truthful people rarely use synonyms. They remain consistent in language whereas deceitful people change language and weave in synonyms to distract. Another principle is that people expose their psychological profile in their writing.

So what does the JonBenet Ramsay note say about the author?

It’s clearly a deceitful attempt to distort the facts, using unrealistic, bizarre, and unbelievable demands to shift attention from the reality of the situation. It’s apparently written by a woman of higher education, with a religious background, familiar with John Ramsey, who can’t bear to bring JonBenet’s name into the equation, yet cryptically reveals a personal message.

It’s written in characters that can’t be eliminated from Patsy Ramsey’s known handwriting and it was written with a Sharpie pen and foolscap paper found in her home—the home in which JonBenet was murdered and who’s body was stashed on the cold basement floor.

Patsy Ramsey denied culpability until her death but denials are cheaper than a thrift store suit. A look at her psychological profile is telling.

Patsy Ramsay was a beauty queen, herself—crowned Miss West Virginia in 1977. She graduated from university with a B.A. in journalism and was a devout member of the Episcopalian church and a wealthy socialite in her community. Perversely, she flaunted an air of modest integrity while flogging every chance to sexually exploit her six-year-old daughter in front of every pageant and camera she could find.

Patsy Ramsey was an educated, articulate, and calculating woman. She was also very religious.

It’s in the Bible where the key to the ransom note’s lock is hidden.

A. The terms “watching over” and “and hence” are consistent with a religious mindset and they are known to be used in the Ramsey family Christmas message which Patsy wrote the year after JonBenet’s death.

B. The numeric figure “118” is highly revealing and it fits with a notable Bible passage recognized by the Episcopalian faith. It’s found in Corinthians 1:18.

C. “For the word of the cross is to those who are perishing foolishness, but to us who are being saved it is the power of God.”

D. Significant are the note’s closings—“Victory!” and “S.B.T.C”. Victory is well established as a Christian slogan which refers to Christ’s triumph by rising from the dead and symbolizing the triumph of good over evil and the forgiveness and everlasting salvation of a soul from sin. “S.B.T.C” is the well-known acronym for “Saved By The Cross.”

E. The “Victory” reference is also revealed in 1 Corinthians 15:51-57.

F. “Behold, I tell you a mystery; we shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed, in a moment, in the twinkling of an eye, at the last trumpet; for the trumpet will sound, and the dead will be raised imperishable, and we shall be changed. For this perishable must be put on the imperishable, and this mortal must be put on immortality… then will come about the saying that is written “DEATH IS SWALLOWED UP IN VICTORY. O DEATH, WHERE IS YOUR VICTORY? O DEATH, WHERE IS YOUR STING?” The sting of death is sin, and the power of sin is the law; but thanks be to God, who gives us the victory through our Lord Jesus Christ.”

In my opinion, there’s a convincing case made that Patsy Ramsay was the author of the ransom note and, therefore, the person who really murdered JonBenet.

It’s also likely that John Ramsey had some knowledge and was covering up for his wife. He’d already had a previous daughter die—now a second—and he couldn’t bear to lose the rest of the family. Only he will know.

But this still leaves the question of why Patsy Ramsey killed her daughter? What were the horrific circumstances that led to such a senseless, barbaric crime?

I think the best theory is offered by Steve Thomas who is the original Boulder detective who investigated the case and wrote the book JonBenet—Inside The Ramsey Murder Investigation.

Detective Thomas postulates that Patsy and John Ramsey returned to their home around 10 pm Christmas Day after a social event. Patsy checked on JonBenet and found she’d been bed-wetting again. At the time, Patsy was already on emotional overload—about to pop a breaker. She was under severe psychological stress with heavy socialite commitments, seasonal depression, struggling to face her fortieth birthday, keeping the perfect face, and… who knows what all else.

With temper stretched, Patsy severely admonished JonBenet for the urinary mess and likely did an aggressive wiping simulation on her daughter’s crotch, accounting for the “abrasion and vascular congestion of vaginal mucosa”. This escalated to a violent event where JonBenet’s head was smashed into a hard, blunt surface such as a doorframe or piece of furniture which rendered her unconscious with a potentially lethal brain injury.

Possibly thinking JonBenet was dead and probably panicking, Patsy went into damage control which may have involved John Ramsey at this point. It’s inconceivable to think he didn’t know or at least suspect something.

Somewhere during the next hour to an hour-and-a-half, JonBenet was finished off with a garrote fashioned from available materials, her body was moved, and the stage was set to simulate a ritualistic killing. A plan was then devised to deceive the authorities by way of a concocted ransom note which contained a cryptic justification with some hope of divine reconciliation.

But what’s really evident to me—why I truly believe both Patricia and John Ramsey were culpable in JonBenet’s murder—is the date on the inscription they jointly approved for the headstone on their daughter’s grave.

They knew she was dead before midnight.