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COULD YOU WITHSTAND CIA ENHANCED INTERROGATION TECHNIQUES?

The United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has a 75-year history of covert, creative, and controversial operations. One black classified op is a series of tactics used to forcibly squeeze information out of resistant people. The program is labeled Enhanced Interrogation Techniques. Some call it torture. My question is, “Could you withstand CIA Enhanced Interrogation Techniques?”

There’s an interesting history of how the CIA’s interrogation program developed. We’ll get into that in a bit, as well as discuss what constitutes “torture” under domestic and international law. First, let’s get right into the 13 officially sanctioned interrogation techniques used by the CIA. In somewhat of an order of severity, and with a brief description of each method, they are:

1. Abdominal Slap — The purpose was to cause the detainee to feel fear and despair, to punish certain behavior and humiliate or insult the detainee, according to a description in government documents, obtained by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) in 2009. The interrogator stands about a foot from the detainee’s stomach and slaps the detainee with the back of his hand. The interrogator’s hand is held with the fingers together and straight and slaps the detainee’s abdomen. The CIA was using this technique prior to 2004 without approval by the Justice Department.

2. Attention Grasp — The interrogator grabs the detainee by the collar, with two hands, and pulls him closer in, according to a description of the technique by former CIA acting general counsel John Rizzo. Rizzo described this technique being used on Al-Qaeda operative Abu Zubaydah in his recent book Company Man.

3. Cramped Confinement — The interrogator would put the detainee in a box, sometimes big enough to stand in, for up to 18 hours, or one only big enough to curl up in for up to two hours, Rizzo said in his book. The interrogator had the option to put a “harmless” insect inside the small box when the technique was used on Zubaydah, because he hated bugs, Rizzo said.

4. Dietary Manipulation — This technique involved switching from solid foods to liquid. For instance, in August 2002, Zubaydah was put on a liquid diet that consisted of Ensure and water, a Senate report said.

5. The Facial Hold — The interrogator holds the detainee’s head so it can’t move and puts one hand on each side of the detainee’s face, keeping fingertips away from the detainee’s eyes, Rizzo explained in his book.

6. The Facial Slap/Insult Slap — The interrogator slaps the detainee in the face, with fingers spread, striking between the chin and earlobe, Rizzo explained in his book. The idea, Rizzo said, was to startle or humiliate the detainee, Zubaydah, and “disabuse him of the notion that he wouldn’t be physically hit.”

7. Nudity — This technique was used with others. For instance, a detainee would be forced to stand for prolonged periods while nude. The detainee would also be paraded nude in front of other detainees. Further, detainees were totally shaven.

8. Stress Positions — The purpose of these techniques is to stimulate mild discomfort from extended muscle use, according to a description in a government document obtained by the ACLU. Two such positions, used on Zubaydah, were to have him sit on the floor with his legs stretched out in front of him and his arms above his head, or kneeling on the floor while leaning back at a 45-degree angle, Rizzo said in his book.

9. Sleep Deprivation — Detainees were kept awake for up to 180 hours, often standing or in a stress position, the Senate report said. Sometimes, the detainees’ hands would be shackled above their heads. At least five detainees had “disturbing hallucinations” during this technique, and in two of those cases, the CIA continued the practice. One detainee, Arsala Khan, hallucinated after 56 hours of standing sleep deprivation in October 2003.

10. Wall Standing — A detainee faces a wall, standing about four feet away. The interrogator has the detainee reach out his arms toward the wall so that his fingers are touching it. The detainee would have to hold that position indefinitely, according to a description by Rizzo about this technique used on Zubaydah.

11. Walling — Interrogators slam detainees against a wall. In one instance, Zubaydah was slammed against a concrete wall, the Senate report said. On March 22, 2003, Al-Qaeda leader Khalid Sheikh Mohammed underwent “intense” questioning and walling. Giving up no new information, interrogators water-boarded him. After an hour of that, he said he was “ready to talk,” the CIA said.

12. Waterboarding — The detainee is strapped to a board or bench, and water is poured over the detainee’s face to simulate drowning. According to the Senate report, the technique brought on convulsions and vomiting, immediate fluid intake, and involuntary leg, chest, and arm spasms. Abu Zubaydah became “completely unresponsive, with bubbles rising through his open, full mouth.” Zubaydah was described as “hysterical” after these sessions and “distressed to a level that he was unable to effectively communicate.” At one point, Khalid Sheik Mohammad was water-boarded 65 times between the afternoon of March 12, 2003, and the morning of March 13.

13. Water Dousing — Naked detainees were held down on a tarp on the floor, according to the Senate report. The tarp would be pulled up around them to make a bathtub. Cold or refrigerated water would be poured on them. In some cases, detainees were hosed down over and over again as they were naked and shackled, standing in a sleep deprivation pose.

About the Central Intelligence Agency

The CIA (known internally as The Agency) is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the United States federal government. It’s tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information around the world, primarily using human source intelligence (HUMINT). The CIA also performs covert actions on foreign territory using spies, plants, decoys, and deeply embedded undercover officers.

President Harry Truman formed the CIA in 1946, and it’s now celebrating its seventy-fifth anniversary. Over those years, the CIA had its good and bad moments, one notably being the Bay of Pigs invasion attempt on Cuba which nearly brought down the Kennedy Administration. Another is the handling of the Taliban and Al-Qaeda detainees held and interrogated at black facilities in Europe, Asia, and at the Guantanamo Bay site in Cuba.

Unlike the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), the CIA is not a law enforcement agency, The CIA has no powers of arrest or search and seizure. It is autonomous to domestic law enforcement and generally gets an unaccounted reign free from court oversite. The CIA allegedly has a much larger budget than the FBI, but this information is hard to verify.

History of the CIA Enhanced Interrogation Technique Program

Conventional law enforcement agencies and military services like the Army, Air Force, Navy, and Marines are strictly ruled by tight regulations regarding prisoner treatment, including interrogation tactics. Court admissibility of prisoner statements long established that no evidence is ever admissible where a detainee has been physically or mentally abused, never mind tortured. The armed services are also held to standards like the Geneva Conventions for prisoner-of-war processing. Not so with the CIA.

The Enhanced Interrogation Technique program is an evolutionary product. It started as the US Air Force’s Survival, Evasion, Resistance, and Escape school (SERE) formed in the Vietnam War era to train downed air crews on withstanding enemy interrogation and torture. The SERE school employed two questionable psychologists, Dr. Jim Mitchell and Dr. Bruce Jessen, who developed scenarios and put the service people through simulated situations such as the 13 techniques previously listed.

Agents at the CIA took a close interest in what was happening at SERE. They contracted Drs. Jessen and Mitchell to reverse engineer the defensive SERE techniques into offensive tactics and train CIA operators as detainee interrogators. The Enhanced Interrogation Technique was under development just as the terrorist attacks occurred on September 11, 2001.

Within days after 911, the Bush Administration decided to treat the attacks as an act of war, opposed to a criminal conspiracy. Part of this planning was deciding how to handle detainees —as captured prisoners of war or as criminals to be tried in the American legal system. As police, the FBI, and the armed services were bound by strict prisoner handling regulations, this left them handcuffed in getting critical information out of high-value captures.

The simple and obvious answer was turning the dirty work over to the CIA and having it done on foreign soil. This led to the notorious black camps and the ‘anything goes’ atmosphere in treating and interrogating detainees like Abu Zubaydah, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, and Mohammed al-Qahtani. In the thick of things were Mitchell and Jessen who received millions of CIA dollars in fees for running the program.

Digging into the CIA Enhanced Interrogation Technique program is a deep, deep hole. It’s been investigated by numerous committees and subject to reams of reports before it was shut down on Obama’s second day in office. It’s not our purpose here to analyze right from wrong or effectiveness from ineffectiveness. Rather, the question here is could you withstand the CIA’s techniques that could be described as torture?

Definition of Torture

Merriam-Webster defines torture as:

1: the infliction of intense pain (as from burning, crushing, or wounding) to punish, coerce, or afford sadistic pleasure

2: something that causes agony or pain

3: anguish of body or mind; agony

The Geneva Conventions of 1949 had this to say:

Article 3 Absolutely Prohibits torture and other cruel or inhuman treatment and outrages upon individual dignity, in particular humiliating and degrading treatment of prisoners. Violations are serious breaches that constitute war crimes.

The 1984 United Nations Convention Against Torture (UNCAT) expands as follows:

Article 1

For the purposes of this Convention, the term “torture” means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions.

Article 2

Each State Party shall take effective legislative, administrative, judicial, or other measures to prevent acts of torture in any territory under its jurisdiction. No exceptional circumstances whatsoever, whether a state of war or a threat of war, internal political instability, or any other public emergency, may be invoked as a justification of torture. An order from a superior officer or a public authority may not be invoked as a justification of torture.

Amendment VIII of the United States Constitution reads:

Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines be imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishment be imposed.

These parameters seem very clear to dealing with domestic law breakers and conventional war prisoners. However, examining the CIA’s actions on Taliban and Al-Qaeda detainees finds two loopholes big enough to drive a bus through.

First, the never was a clear declaration of war against these opponents, and it’s rightfully argued that guys like Abu Zubaydah, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, and Mohammed al-Qahtani were not prisoners-of-war nor charged criminally under US or international law—rather “detainees” in a no-man’s legal land.

Second, protection under the US Constitution wouldn’t’ apply as these “detainees” were not American citizens and were (intentionally) detained and interrogated abroad where US laws wouldn’t apply.

What’s done is done, and it’s had to say what good the CIA’s efforts had on getting critical information from high-value targets. Officially, the program is shelved. Unofficially, who knows what’s still going on.

This post’s purpose isn’t to criticize. It’s just to ask, “Could you withstand CIA Enhanced Interrogation Techniques?”

THE TRUE STORY ABOUT WHO REALLY STOLE JFK’S BRAIN

United States President John F. Kennedy’s assassination is the mother of all conspiracy theories. There’s been more BS, crap and craziness written about JFK’s murder than all the stuff ever spewed out of Donald Trump’s yap. However, there’s one bizarre angle to the JFK murder story that’s true. Someone actually stole JFK’s preserved brain from the National Archives, and the real mystery is who.

The facts surrounding the JFK Assassination are fairly straightforward. On November 22nd, 1963 the 35th President of the United States was fatally shot while riding in an open limousine through Dealy Plaza in downtown Dallas, Texas. Three rounds were fired. The first missed. The second struck Kennedy in the upper back, exited through his throat and seriously wounded Governor John Connally who sat in front of the Commander-in-Chief. The third bullet hit President Kennedy in the back of his head and killed him.

Despite what conspiracy theorists want to believe, Lee Harvey Oswald—acting alone—triggered all three shots. Oswald was a seriously-troubled young man employed at the Texas School Depository building where he fired from the sixth floor—now known as the “sniper’s nest”. Lee Oswald used an inexpensive, military-surplus rifle he obtained through mail order and left it behind when he fled the scene.

It’s simply a case of a lone nut with a cheap rifle from a tall building or a crazy who brought his gun to work and shot the President. Oswald then killed a Dallas police officer who street-checked him and was later captured hiding in a movie theater. Then, Lee Harvey Oswald was murdered—fatally shot by another nut-job named Jack Ruby. This occurred in the basement of the Dallas PD headquarters in what was the biggest breach of security in the history of policing.

JFK’s missing brain story began at his autopsy at the U.S. Navy hospital in Bethesda, Maryland. Before getting to that strange-but-true tale, it’s important to know why the autopsy was done near Washington, D.C. and not in Dallas, Texas where the murder took place.

The bullets struck John Fitzgerald Kennedy at 12:30 p.m. He was in the emergency ward at Parkland Hospital within ten minutes where doctors hopelessly tried to save his life. They declared Kennedy dead at 1:00 p.m. and his body remained in the ER while authorities frantically tried to figure out what to do.

In 1963, there was no federal law regarding murdering the President of the United States. This was state jurisdiction under the Texas Penal Code, and the body possession / medical examination responsibility fell to the Dallas County coroner, Dr. Earl Rose. Rose worked at Parkland hospital and was nearby when Kennedy expired. Upon the declaration of death, Dr. Rose prepared to do a forensic autopsy which he was imminently qualified to do.

“No *#@$*#& way, Dr. Rose,” said the Kennedy team. “We’re getting the *bleep* out of Dallas right *#@$*#& now and Jack Kennedy’s coming with us.” A heated argument and physical scuffle arose as Dr. Rose blocked the door—backed-up by a Dallas police officer and a Justice of the Peace. On the Kennedy side were the Secret Service, led by Agent Roy Kellerman, and the president’s chief aid, enforcer and boyhood friend, Kenny O’Donnell.

Complicating matters was that about-to-be-sworn-in President Lyndon Johnson was terrified of a plot to kill them all. He, too, desperately wanted to get back to Washington’s safety. Air Force One sat ready at Love field which could have quickly swept Johnson away.

Except for one problem. Jackie Kennedy refused to leave her now-deceased husband in Dallas. She would not get on that plane without Jack, and there was no way Johnson wanted to be seen “abandoning a beautiful widow”. LBJ “et al” quickly worked a deal.

Dallas District Attorney Henry Wade got involved. He knew the law and knew it was an offense under the Coroner Act to remove a body from the State of Texas without the presiding coroner’s permission. That was not happening. Dr. Rose wasn’t about to give up the murder-victim-of-the-century, and D.A. Wade wanted to get out of the mess. Wade looked up the penalty for illegally removing (stealing) a body from Texas jurisdiction.

The fine was $100.00. Kenny O’Donnell had it in his wallet and forked over the hundred bucks to the J.P. With that, the president’s body was out the Parkland door, onto the plane and headed for home. That left the question of where to do the autopsy on the deceased U.S. President.

The new Johnson Administration thought it would be a nice touch to let the grieving widow decide. Jackie Kennedy, in a shocked and sickened state, thought that because “Jack was a Naval man” the autopsy should be done at the Navy facility in Bethesda. It seemed like a fitting touch.

President Kennedy’s body arrived at Bethesda Naval Hospital at around 8:00 p.m. EST. To say the scene was a circus or a gong show was apt. Two Naval doctors with pathology—not forensic—experience led the medical team. Once they realized gunshot wounds were out of their wheelhouse, they brought in a third doctor who’d seen and treated a lot of battlefield wounds.

Between them, they bungled and fumbled through JFK’s autopsy. Complicating matters and adding stress to a stressful situation, they performed before a total audience of thirty-two (32) individuals who came and went throughout the four-hour procedure. Some were assistants who had a reasonable role. Others were mere spectators who had absolutely no business being there.

Critics look at JFK’s postmortem exam as being the worst forensic autopsy ever conducted. That’s not entirely fair, as they mostly got it right. They concluded that JFK was shot twice. One in the back—the other in the head. Both bullets originated from behind and above the presidential limousine and (from later lab testing) both bullets came from Oswald’s 6.5 mm Italian Carcano rifle.

What they didn’t get right was the correct anatomical placement of the bullet entrance points on JFK’s body. They used flexible and non-precise reference points to place the wounds. This led to enormous speculation about shooter numbers and sniper locations. It’ll probably never end.

What the autopsy team did get precise was information about injuries to the president’s brain. The JFK autopsy report has been publicly available for decades. There’s no secret there. You can download it from the internet, and you can find the actual autopsy photos if you know where to look. Here’s what the pathologists had to say about JFK’s brain:

Supplementary Report of Autopsy Number A63-272 President John F. Kennedy

Gross Description of Brain

Following formalin fixation, the brain weighs 1500 grams. The right cerebral hemisphere is found to be markedly disrupted. There is a longitudinal laceration of the right hemisphere which is para-sagittal in position approximately 2.5 cm to the right of the midline which extends from the tip of the occipital lobe posteriorly to the tip of the frontal lobe anteriorly. The base of the laceration is situated approximately 4.5 cm below the vertex in the white matter. There is considerable loss of cortical substance above the base of the laceration, particularly in the parietal lobe. The margins of this laceration are at all points jagged and irregular, with additional lacerations extending in varied directions and for varying distances from the main laceration. In addition, there is a laceration of the corpus callosum extending from the genu to the tail. Exposed in this latter laceration are the interiors of the right lateral and third ventricles.

When viewed from the vertex, the left cerebral hemisphere is intact. There is marked engorgement of meningeal blood vessels of the left temporal and frontal regions with considerable associated subarachnoid hemorrhage. The gyri and sulci over the left hemisphere are of essentially normal size and distribution. Those on the right are too fragmented and distorted for a satisfactory description.

When viewed from the basilar aspect, the disruption of the right cortex is again obvious. There is a longitudinal laceration of the mid-brain through the floor of the third ventricle just behind the optic chiasm and mammillary bodies. This laceration particularly communicates with an oblique 1.5 cm tear through the left cerebral peduncle. There are irregular superficial lacerations over the basilar aspects of the left temporal and frontal lobes.

The supplementary autopsy report goes on to describe cross-section slides taken for microscopic inspection. It notes that no brain irregularities were identified outside of the catastrophic gunshot damage. The report also states that autopsy materials including photos were “delivered by hand to Rear Admiral George W. Buckley. MC, USN, White House Physician” who was President Kennedy’s personal doctor.

In layman’s terms, the JFK autopsy report describes massive trauma to the right side of the president’s brain. Nearly half of it was gone—blown away by the rifle bullet which can be graphically seen in Frame 313 of the infamous Zapruder film that captured the assassination. The other half was seriously damaged by the impact’s shock.

Conspiracy theorists like to destroy the JFK autopsy proceedings by pointing out what they see as inconsistencies like the report stating the brain weighed 1,500 grams. “Hang on,” the CTs say. “There’s lots of information on the net that says a typical adult human male’s brain weighs around 1,400 to 1,500 grams. So, JFK’s brain must have still been mostly intact… or, better yet, replaced at the autopsy to cover up something super-sinister like the shooter from the Grassy Knoll.”

Breathe easy, Conspiracy Theorists. The report clearly stipulates “following fixation in formalin” which is standard autopsy protocol. It’s not easy to cross-section a fresh brain and make thin slices for histology slides. Once a brain soaks in formalin (a formaldehyde-based solution) it becomes rubbery and workable. The process typically takes two to three weeks.

Formalin fixing amplifies tissue weight. It makes perfect sense that part of JFK’s brain fixed in formalin would weigh the same as a complete and non-fixed mass. Nothing to see here, CTs. Maybe keep on something like how Castro and the Mob cooperated to place multiple assassins around Dealy and let them pack up their guns then escape without evidence.

No, the real mystery in the JFK case is what actually happened to the president’s formalin-fixed brain after the autopsy, and how it disappeared from a locked vault at the United States National Archives in Washington, D.C.

John Kennedy’s body was released from the Bethesda morgue in the early morning hours of November 23, 1963. A funeral home team did the best they could to prepare the body for viewing. Privately, the Kennedy family saw the post-autopsy corpse, but the casket was never opened to the public.

President Kennedy’s burial took place on November 25th. Millions around the world watched the procession on TV, and many thousands lined the route from the U.S. Capitol to Arlington National Cemetery across the Potomac River in Virginia. Here, the fallen president was laid to rest—temporarily.

Back to the missing brain. There’s no transfer date on their report, but it’s likely the autopsy doctors gave the brain and related histology evidence to Dr. Buckley around the middle of December 1963. The brain and related tissue couldn’t be interred with Kennedy’s body along with the burial. So, that presented the issue of what to do with them, including the grotesque autopsy photos. The Kennedy family abhorred the thought of this gruesome material getting into public hands and being put on display like a side-show.

National Archive records confirmed they received the John Fitzgerald Kennedy autopsy materials in February of 1965. They were released to the Archives by Robert F. Kennedy’s signature, and that included the brain which was contained in a stainless steel receptacle. The effects were logged into the archives and stayed in safekeeping. That was until October 31st, 1966 when someone noticed President Kennedy’s brain and other tissues had vanished. Yes, it was Halloween, and someone had stolen them.

Meanwhile—unknown to the public—the Kennedy family prepared for President Kennedy’s permanent resting place. Somewhere in 1965, the family had Jack Kennedy exhumed and stored in a secure and secret location while they re-designed and built the Arlington grave site. They moved the grave slightly away from the original location and built a solid base that could withstand the millions of visitors who visited the shrine. That included a modern, natural gas eternal flame to replace the old and hastily-built propane torch along with granite flagstones brought in from New England.

In the middle of the night on March 14th, 1967 the Kennedy family re-interred JFK’s body in the new facility. Present were Jackie Kennedy, Robert Kennedy, Edward (Ted) Kennedy and President Lyndon Johnson. Also re-interred were the two Kennedy children who died at birth and were moved from their Massachusetts burial spots to be placed with their father.

Nothing was said about the missing brain for years—publicly. The vast majority of citizens never knew it was gone, let alone being stolen. That cat came out of the bag during The JFK Assassination Records Review Board proceedings that took place between 1992 and 1998 which were only recently released under the 2016 Freedom of Information Act.

There, in the files of the 1977 Rockefeller Commission, was the answer as to who stole President Kennedy’s brain. This commission was the first official inquiry after the Warren Commission, and it formed to quell conspiracy rumors. Unfortunately, it probably did more harm than good just as what happened during the 1978 House Select Committee on Assassinations that concluded President Kennedy’s assassination was “probably the result of a conspiracy”. They based this erroneous conclusion solely on the bogus interpretation of a Dallas PD dispatch recording that allegedly caught four shots rather than three.

The Rockefeller Commission took evidence from United States Assistant Attorney General Burke Marshall and questioned him about the brain’s whereabouts. This is what Marshall told the commissioners:

“Robert Kennedy obtained and disposed of these materials himself, without permission or informing anyone else. He was concerned that these materials would be placed on public display and wished to dispose of them to eliminate such a possibility.”

No one will ever truly know where JFK’s brain is today. The most likely scenario is it was buried along with the president’s re-interred body in Arlington Cemetery. But, one thing’s for sure. It was Bobby Kennedy who stole it.

DID THREE PRISONERS REALLY SURVIVE THEIR ESCAPE FROM ALCATRAZ?

Over the night of June 11/12, 1962 three inmates broke out of the United States maximum-security penitentiary on Alcatraz Island in San Francisco Bay. They carved their way through concrete cell walls with crudely-made tools and entered a mechanical service corridor leading outside. Once over the perimeter fence, the trio fled into cold Pacific waters on a makeshift raft. The felons were never seen again. That left many to speculate whether the fugitives drowned or… if the three prisoners really survived their escape from Alcatraz.

Alcatraz Island is a forbidding place. It’s a rugged rock just inside the entrance to San Francisco Bay near the Golden Gate Bridge. Alcatraz is highly visible from the city’s shoreline and is a well-known landmark around the world. It was once also viewed as the perfect place to build a prison.

The lunar-like landmass covers 12 acres and hosts a hostile environment. Its tidal currents run fast and cold making Alcatraz a navigational challenge. An experienced yachts-person would think twice about trying to row around Alcatraz, especially in the dead of night. Even champion swimmers equipped with wetsuits struggle with the 1.5 mile trip to the shore.

The Spanish Navy first “discovered” Alcatraz and named it La Isla de los Alcacatraces which translates to “Pelican Island” after the archaic Spanish word for the bird. There doesn’t seem to be an aboriginal name for the Island because the original settlers probably found the barren place rather worthless.

The United States Army didn’t think that. They saw Alcatraz as the ideal spot for a military jail and developed it in the 1850s. Over time, Alcatraz Island served as a lockup and lighthouse. Common thinking held that no self-respecting prisoner would attempt something as crazy as a swimming escape from “The Rock”.

The U.S. Federal Bureau of Prisons felt the same way. In 1933, the Army relinquished Alcatraz to the Justice Department who needed a secure facility to house the worst of the worst offenders. Criminals like Al Capone, Machinegun Kelly, Alvin “Creepy” Karpas, and Robert Stroud (the psychotic Birdman of Alcatraz) served sentences in the “prison system’s prison”.

Alcatraz was a state-of-the-art, super-max facility for its time. There was a one-guard-to-three-inmate ratio with each felon occupying a single cell. But, despite the precautions, it was here in 1962 that three little-known, bank-robbing hoods made their famous escape from Alcatraz.

Frank Lee Morris (Inmate #AZ1441) was born in 1926 to a terribly dysfunctional family. He was orphaned at age 11 and was so incorrigible that foster homes refused to have him. By 13, Morris was already in jail for crimes ranging from armed robbery to narcotic trafficking. Prison authority tests placed Frank Morris in the top 2 percent of inmates when it came to intelligence with a 133 IQ. He was a leader, a conman, and a calculator. Morris arrived on Alcatraz in 1960 with a 10-year bank robbery sentence.

John William Anglin (Inmate #AZ1476) was an east-coast criminal. He was also a broken-home product in a family of 13 kids birthed by migrant farmworkers. John Algrin was 30 years old when he arrived on Alcatraz in the fall of 1960. His sentence was 15-20 years for a string of Alabama bank robberies committed with his younger brother Clarence.

Clarence Anglin (Inmate #AZ1485) was a year behind his brother John in age. However, he was just as bad when it came to criminal behavior. Clarence Anglin’s first conviction was for breaking into a service station when he was 14 and he continued on from there. He entered Alcatraz in January 1961 with a 20-year penalty earned after 10 years of robbing everything from banks to brothels.

Frank Morris and the Anglin brothers didn’t meet in Alcatraz. They went back to being co-inmates in a Florida prisoner where they made repeated escape attempts. Deemed candidates for the Alcatraz treatment, the U.S. Bureau of Prisons sequentially classified them as high-risk offenders and transferred them to The Rock one-by-one. Somehow, the three were assigned to adjacent cells.

The Morris-Anglin escape plan started in December 1961. That was six months before the breakout which gave them plenty of time to think and prepare. Their plan was elaborate, and it took a tremendous amount of coordination and cooperation with the inmate population to pull off. It seems the inevitable escape was one of the worst-kept secrets inside the criminals’ culture.

The escapees used self-made tools modified from old saw blades and kitchen utensils to chip concrete around existing ventilation ducts at floor level in their cells. Their creativity extended to using a power drill made from a stolen vacuum cleaner motor which they ran during music hour in the evening. To conceal their tunneling, they fabricated fake ventilation covers painted on cardboard.

The enlarged vent ducts gave them access to a 3-foot wide service corridor that was unpatrolled. This led to a larger area where they smuggled-in around 50 rubber raincoats donated by other inmates. The investigation later showed Morris and the Anglins built an inflatable raft and blow-up life jackets with the raincoats by vulcanizing the rubber on the facility’s steam pipes.

To inflate the raft and personal flotation devices (PFDs), they got even more ingenious. They pilfered a musical instrument called a concertina which is an accordion-like device they converted into a bellows. The trio also sourced wood scraps and screws to build paddles.

On the escape night, the three simulated themselves in bed by stuffing clothes and towels under the blankets to build body shapes. What really topped-off their attention to detail was fabricating human heads with paper mache that were authentically painted with flesh tones. They even attached human hair sourced from the Alcatraz barbershop.

Getting out of the prison facility took some doing. The fleeing felons used a ventilation shaft from the corridor to climb to the roof and then shinnied two stories down to the ground along service lines. Then, they faced inner and outer perimeter fences topped with barbed wire before making the shore.

How they hauled the raft, paddles, and some limited personal effects through this route is not clear. It took determination and considerable physical dexterity. However, the cons did it, and it worked.

The three were discovered missing during the 7 am stand-to and head-count. This set off a massive search done by the prison officials with the help of the local police and the Coast Guard. Bit-by-bit, pieces of their escape showed up.

Alcatraz Island National Park sits to the south-west of San Francisco Bay. It’s 1 ½ miles north of downtown San Francisco, about 3 ½ miles east of the Golden Gate Bridge and Horseshoe Bay in Marin County, and just over 2 miles south of Angel Island. Alcatraz is also slightly under 3 miles west of Treasure Island.

The searchers found their evidence near Angel Island. That included a broken paddle, two deflated life vests, shreds of raincoat material, and a wallet containing contact information for the Anglin relatives. Examination of one life jacket noted deep teeth marks in the inflation piece indicating that the wearer may have been struggling against air loss.

The main search lasted for two weeks. There were no signs of the Anglins or Morris, either alive or dead. Who aided the investigation was Allen West, an Alcatraz inmate who was part of the escape plot but couldn’t get through his enlarged ventilation duct in time to join the party.

West cooperated in exchange for immunity from punishment. He revealed the planning and the escapee’s intentions. According to West, the plot was to paddle the raft west from Alcatraz and land near Horseshoe Bay near the north end of Golden Gate Bridge. Here, they intended to steal clothes, a vehicle, rob some money, and then head for the Mexican border.

The investigators took West seriously. They followed every lead linking to car thefts, clothes swiping, and hold-ups. Nothing even remotely matched a modus operandi that indicated the trio had landed anywhere in the San Francisco Bay region.

Over time, many tips came in but nothing panned out. Some information was well-intended but wrong. Others were obviously pranks and hoaxes. There was one reported sighting of a man’s body floating in the Bay area that described it as wearing denim clothes consistent with prison garb. It was never found.

Another lead surfaced years later, and it came along with photographs. A long-time con-man claimed to have seen the Anglin brothers in Brazil and took their photos. By this time, the FBI had closed the case after writing off the escapees as having succumbed to hypothermia and drowned on the night of their mission. The U.S. Marshalls, however, took the photos seriously and sent investigators to Brazil. Nothing amounted to this but, today, there’s still speculation it might have been them.

So, what are the chances the three prisoners really survived their escape from Alcatraz?

The answer lies in the water. The reason authorities selected Alcatraz as a maximum-security prison site was because of how nasty the water conditions surrounding the island were. The temperature, currents, and wind conditions made this spot nearly impossible to cross without the right knowledge, timing, and equipment.

San Francisco Bay is a large water body that drains about 40 percent of California. Combining its inlets and estuaries, the bay area exceeds 1,500 square miles. That water gets flushed twice a day by ebb and flow tides that have to pass through the mile-wide Golden Gate narrows. This creates tremendous current action and some of the fastest waters on the California coast.

The logical escape plan for Morris and his Anglin accomplices would be to use the tide currents to their advantage. That would have to be when the ebb or outward action was happening, and the currrent would carry them from Alcatraz to their apparent destination near Horseshoe Bay on the Marin County shore. This would move them the fastest and minimize their paddling.

If they didn’t plan their water trip with a favorable tide, the flow tide would carry them into the bay and swirl their raft like in a toilet bowl. Surely these convicts who went to an elaborate escape effort would have considered the tide timing. That’s exactly what Allen West said they did.

Historical tide records are available online at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) website. A little Googling found the tidal information for San Francisco Bay at the Alcatraz Island area for the night of Monday, June 11 and Tuesday, June 12, 1962. Here’s what was going on:

  • High tide of 5.24 feet at 7:11 pm on June 11
  • Low tide of 1.47 feet at 1:39 am on June 12
  • High tide of 3.69 feet at 7:27 am on June 12

To understand tide-talk, the figures 5.24 feet, 1.46 feet, and 3.69 feet refer to water levels above the mean or average low watermark. An important part of tidal water navigation is working with what’s called slack tide. This is the short period between ebb and flow when the current is neutral.

Low slack tide happened between Alcatraz Island and the Golden Gate narrows at 1:39 am on the Tuesday morning. Before that, there was a strong ebb or outflow current moving a significant water exchange between the earlier high at 5.24 feet and the low at 1.47 feet. That meant that 3.77 feet of water depth changed from a 1,500 square mile bay area and sent it whooshing beside Alcatraz and under the bridge.

Should the escapees have missed their window of opportunity from the prison “lights-out” at 10:00 pm and the low slack time at 1:39 am, they’d have faced an incoming flow tide returning a 2.22 foot rise in water coming back into San Francisco Bay. It would’ve been a challenge to paddle a homemade raft into that force.

So, it looks like the escapees had about 3 ½ hours to crawl out of their cells, haul their gear over the fence, and catch a favorable tide to make it 3 ½  miles to freedom at Horseshoe Bay. That seems do-able… except for the wild card.

Every trained mariner respects the wind. Air movement can be good or bad depending on your vessel type and travel direction. More Google exploration found the San Francisco weather records for June 11/12, 1962. It was a cool and cloudy night with a west to southwest wind coming in off the open Pacific at a steady 10-13 mile-per-hour blow with gusts up to 21 miles-per-hour.

The escapees and their blow-up raft would have paddled into an oncoming wind which certainly would have worked against the tide power. In fact, this combination of an inflow wind hitting an outflow tide makes for choppy surface conditions, especially in shallow water. The wind and tide action also create whirlpools which seriously suck to paddle through.

San Francisco Bay is notoriously shallow as large inlets go. That’s a major reason why the U.S. Navy chose San Diego as a main port over more centrally-located San Francisco. The average depth of San Francisco Bay is 20 feet which is less than the draft on most freighter ships. The deepest part of the bay is a 300-foot underwater canyon on the north side of the Golden Gate narrows that creates significant turbulence during tide changes.

It’s an understatement to say the water surface conditions were challenging for the escapees. It seems obvious they intentionally chose that period to run as it gave them the best odds of making it. They had favorable moonlight conditions with a ¾ waxing image being blocked by high cloud. According to weather records, nautical twilight occurred at 9:42 pm on June 11 and nautical sunrise occurred at 4:37 am. Therefore, they certainly had the cover of darkness.

Weather records indicate there was no rain, there was a high barometric pressure of 102.1, and a relatively cool nighttime air temperature of 48-50 degrees Fahrenheit. With the windchill, it would feel more like the mid-40s. The water temperature was a different story. NOAA recorded the waters surrounding Alcatraz to be 47 degrees Fahrenheit on the outflow and 50 degrees Fahrenheit on the inflow. That’s due to the colder freshwater coming into San Francisco from the Sacramento River’s spring melt and the warmer Pacific saltwater returning.

There’s a picture emerging of three desperate men with little tidal water experience making an untested run for freedom using their human technology against nature’s elements. The escapees calculated their timing to use darkness and an ebb tide to carry them along, so they took their chances. What they may have failed to consider is the subterranean characteristics of the bay and air power.

Their raft was also untested. Same with their life jackets. It’s hard to say what happened once the men’s weight put pressure on the inflated raft and jacket seams. Leaks likely started early in their journey, and this would have made paddling hard. Probably, the harder they struggled, the more force they exerted on their raft and buoyancy devices which possibly failed.

If Frank Morris, John Anglin, and Clarence Anglin ended up in the water, their life-expectancy would be limited. An average man, with a thin build like these escapes had, would go numb within a few minutes. According to charts by the U. S. Coast Guard , in water temperature between 41 and 50 degrees Fahrenheit, this scenario would happen:

  • Shock  Setting — 1 to 3 minutes
  • Exhaustion Onset — 30 to 60 minutes
  • Certain Death — 1 to 3 hours

Did the escapees survive? We’ll likely never know for sure. There is no conclusive proof one way or the other. There are urban legends and family suggestions that at least the Anglin brothers made it to safety, but you have to question the source. It’s theoretically possible for three men in a rubber boat to go from their cells to shore in a 3 ½ hour period, but they’d need a dose of luck from the escape gods.

However, their bodies have never been found. Some historical unidentified remains were recently examined through DNA testing which eliminated the Anglins from being a recovered John Doe. So far, forensic investigators haven’t been able to rule out Frank Morris, as he has no known living relatives to get a DNA comparison standard from.

If the Anglins and Morris did perish in San Francisco Bay, it’s not surprising their bodies didn’t surface – especially if their life vests failed. Typically, human bodies initially sink when immersed in water. Bodies then respond to environmental conditions like temperature and salinity.

San Francisco Bay was cold in June of 1962. It also had high freshwater content due to the late-spring runoff. Bodies tend to float better in saltwater than freshwater, but they need a reasonable amount of gas to do so. With the ambient temperature being so low, it’s unlikely there’d be sufficient postmortem gas generated to cause buoyancy. If the men sank, the tidal action would have pushed them around for a while and then dropped them off in the deepness of the sea where they’d permanently decompose.

On the balance of probabilities, it’s unlikely the three prisoners really survived their escape from Alcatraz. However, there’s always a chance given the time frame they had. If they did and were still alive, they’d be old men by now. The FBI gave up the chase a long time ago, but the U. S. Marshalls still have an open file. They have a reward for you… if you can find them.